Musculoskeletal System Ch 15 Musculoskeletal System

Specialists Orthopedists Rheumatologists Chiropractors

Bony Development Ossification Osteoblasts – immature osteocytes Osteoclasts – bone phagocytes

Long bones Diaphysis: shaft Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity

Long bones Epiphysis: end Metaphysis: flared portion Epiphyseal line Articular cartilage Cancellous bone Metaphysis: flared portion

Bony processes Bone head Trochanter – proximal femur Tubercle – proximal humerus Condyle – distal femur and humerus

Cranial bones Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Facial Bones Nasal Lacrimal: lacrim/o=tear Maxillary: cleft palate Mandibular: TMJ Zygomatic: cheeks Vomer

Vertebral column Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum Coccyx

Kyphosis: kyph/o=humpback See page 601, figure 15-17

DEXA Scan

Kyphoplasty

Lordosis: lord/o=swayback

Scoliosis: scoli/o=crooked, bent

Scoliosis surgery

Vertebral Body Spinous process Transverse process Lamina PAGE 609 - HNP: Laminectomy: surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral arch Diskectomy: removal of all or part of protruding disk. Spinous process Transverse process Lamina

Bones of thorax Clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs Supraclavicular, subscapular, substernal, intercostal

Bones of Pelvis Ilium, ischium, pubis Ilium VS ileum Acetabulum: hip socket

Bones of Upper Extremity Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Phalangectomy: removal of finger (or toe)

CTS

Ganglion Cyst

Bones of Lower Extremity Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges Tarsals are bones of hindfoot, calcaneus is largest one

Bunions: First metatarsophalangeal joint

Gouty arthritis: hyperuricemia

Fractures Closed vs open Colles Comminuted Compression Greenstick Impacted Reduction can be open or closed

ORIF

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Bone scan

Osteomalacia X-ray after debridement for osteomyelitis

Joints Suture vs synovial

Articulation Articular cartilage = ends of long bones at joints Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Synovial fluid = provide lubrication to minimize friction Syn- = like, ov/o = egg

Ligaments = bones to bones Tendons = muscle to bone. Very taut. Achilles tendon tear, may need tenorrhaphy

Bursae=sacs of fluid at joints Olecranon bursitis – at elbow

Arthritis - OA

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Muscles Striated, voluntary: rhabdomy/o Smooth, involuntary: leiomy/o Cardiac: myocardi/o Actions of muscles Origin = point of attachment to stationary bone Insertion = junction of muscle to the bone that moves

Actions of Muscles - ROM Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Rotation

Actions of Muscles dorsiflexion, plantar flexion supination, pronation

Arthrocentesis, arthrography

Arthroplasty (THR, TKR) & Arthroscopy

Abbreviations CTS DEXA HNP OA ORIF RA ROM THR TKR TMJ