Ending WW II – Pacific.

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Presentation transcript:

Ending WW II – Pacific

1945 in Pacific (Violates pact w/ Japan) Soviets invade Manchuria Iwo Jima – Feb. 1945 Kamikaze tactics Increased firebombing of Japan Increasing casualties August 6 – atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 8 – Soviets join war ag. Japan (Violates pact w/ Japan) Aug. 9 Soviets invade Manchuria Atomic bomb on Nagasaki

1945 in Pacific Japanese endgame Make Allied progress costly Navy and air force gone, Army strong Divided cabinet Navy: surrender; Army: keep fighting Even after atomic bombs!! Peace feelers by J. diplomats Hirohito’s role Preserve himself, his family, and his dynasty Tie-breaking vote on surrender J. Army response: attempted coup

Japanese surrender August 10-15 – negot. w/ U.S. August 14 – aborted coup August 15 – Hirohito addresses nation Ultimately, conditional surrender J. Allowed to keep emperor Unconditional demand prolonged the war

Japanese surrender Ultimately, conditional surrender Time pressures on Truman Beat Soviets? Prevent coup by diehards Emperorship to be preserved End war fastest Emperor to be instrumental in occupation

Official surrender, USS Missouri, Sept. 2, ‘45

Strategic Bombing – Atomic Bomb Built to be used Arms race w/ Germany Einstein warns of G. bomb, 1930’s Targeting Population centers Psychological shock effect

Strategic Bombing – Atomic Bomb 1945 crescendo over Japan July 1945: a-bomb equivalent weekly August 6, 9: Hiroshima, Nagasaki August 11: Tokyo raid kills even more By the end of the war: 42 Japanese cities lost more than 50% of their buildings due to American bombing 36 largest cities hit by B-29 firebombs

Strategic Bombing – Atomic Bomb Moral evaluation Inseparable from strategic bombing Part of WWII Other effects secondary Assumed to hasten end of war Truman revises his explanation later View shaped by Cold War Nuclear, not conventional threats “Nuclear threshold”

Strategic Bombing – Atomic Bomb Truman’s multiple motives End war as soon as possible (Truman was in France at end of WWI) Possibly avoid the need for U.S. invasion of Japan Unofficial prediction: 1 million U.S. casualties if invasion happens Impress or threaten Soviets Truman bragged about bomb to Stalin at Potsdam conference (July 1945) Already thinking in Cold War terms