The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Reproduction and Development of the Human Reproductive Systems

Fetal development SRY gene is present No SRY gene 7th week of development male sex organs begin to develop No SRY gene 8th week, female sex organs begin development

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Male Reproductive Anatomy scrotum and testes sperm production mature in epididymis penis delivers sperm contains erectile tissue Corpus cavernosus Copus spongiosum

Male Reproductive Anatomy ducts vas deferens ejaculatory duct accessory glands and semen seminal glands prostate gland bulbourethral glands

Male Reproductive Physiology sperm formation spermatogenesis begins at puberty, ends…@DEATH sexual response Erection-erectile tissue filled with blood Ejaculation- propulsion of semen

Sperm Cell

Female Reproductive System Anatomy

Female Reproductive System Anatomy ovaries oocyte egg cell ovulation release of egg from ovary

Female Reproductive System Anatomy ducts uterine tubes connect ovary to uterus uterus–womb Endometrium lining of the uterus Cervix Opening to uterus from vagina Mucus plus No plug? Sew it up!

Female Reproductive System Anatomy vagina birth canal external genitalia labia clitoris mammary glands lactation

Oogenesis Oocyte (immature egg) production process begins before birth primary oocyte=slightly larger than primordial follicle secondary oocyte- larger, more cells surround egg Each month, one follicle (& oocyte) reaches maturity Oocyte released from ovary (ovulation)

The Female Sexual Cycle The Menstrual cycle ovarian cycle maturation and release of oocyte uterine cycle uterus preps for implantation

The Menstrual Cycle Menstruation Days 1-5 Follicular stage endometrium breaks down and sheds Follicular stage End. Day 6  ovulation pituitary gland releases FSH and LH

The Uterine Cycle Ovulation = around day 14 Luteal phase Release of egg to be fertilized Luteal phase corpus luteum Secretes progesterone Disintegrates after 10 days (if no baby) Estrogen and progesterone levels drop

Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Birth fertilization of oocyte pregnancy childbirth lactation

Fertilization of the Oocyte journey of sperm vagina, uterus, uterine tube capacitation can take 10 hours sperm penetration zona pellucida-glycoprotein layer around egg acrosomal enzymes – part of sperm that fuses with egg

Fertilization of the Oocyte only 1 sperm is required for fertilization more than 1 = death of oocyte chemistry of zona pellucida changes after sperm entry Sperm entry completes fertilization Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com

From Fertilization to Implantation cell stages zygote morula blastocyst implantation - blastocyst binds to endometrium

From Fertilization to Implantation

Pregnancy Full term lasts approximately 265 days (38 weeks) Three TRI-mesters Braxton Hicks contractions – as early as 6 weeks development of placenta, embryo, and fetus Protected by amnion & amniotic fluid

Effects of Pregnancy – Anatomical

Effects of Pregnancy- Hormonal changes

Effects of Pregnancy – Physiological Morning sickness Heartburn Constipation Increased urine output Frequency Urgency Stress incontinence Increased blood volume Edema Hypertension Increased cardiac output Increased respiratory rate Braxton Hicks contractions

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Development of Placenta, Embryo, and Fetus supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus Embryo Implantation-8 weeks Fetus 8+ weeks of development Mucus plug

Childbirth parturition oxytocin stages of labor birth dilation expulsion delivery of placenta

Lactation production of breast milk Activation of milk-producing cells Prolactin delivery of milk through ducts to nipple Oxytocin Provides antibodies, vitamins/minerals, lipids Baby benefits: Lowers risk of childhood asthma, allergies, ear infections, diarrhea Mom benefits: lowers risk of osteoporosis, & cancer, lose baby weight, costs less $

Got milk? Resembles Colostrum

Infertility male infertility female infertility low sperm count erectile dysfunction female infertility failure to ovulate inability of egg to reach uterine tube lack of implantation

Infertility treatment for infertility in vitro fertilization lifestyle changes drugs to induce ovulation surgery to correct anatomical issues in vitro fertilization oocyte and sperm combined outside mother’s body

Cancers of the Reproductive System prostate cancer Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test cancers of the female reproductive tract uterine cancer ovarian cancer cervical cancer breast cancer