Adeiledd a Swyddogaethau’r croen Structure and functions of the skin

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Adeiledd a Swyddogaethau’r croen Structure and functions of the skin

Haenau’r Croen / Layers of the skin Y croen yw organ fwyaf y corff. Mae'r haen elastig ac amddiffynnol hon yn denau iawn ar y gwefusau a'r amrannau ac yn drwchus iawn ar gledrau'r dwylo a gwadnau'r traed. Mae'n cynnwys cannoedd o haenau sydd wedi'u cywasgu i greu tair haen. Yr epidermis yw haen allanol y croen sy'n creu rhwystr gwrth-ddŵr ac yn ffurfio lliw eich croen. Y dermis yw'r haen sydd o dan yr epimeris ac mae'n cynnwys meinwe cyswllt gwydn, ffoliglau blew a chwarennau chwys. Mae'r haen isgroenol (heipodermis) yn cynnwys meinwe braster a chyswllt. Caiff lliw'r croen ei greu gan gelloedd o'r enw melanosytau. Mae'r celloedd hyn yn cynhyrchu pigment o'r enw melanin sy'n gorwedd yn yr epidermis. The skin is the largest organ of the body. This elastic, protective covering is thinnest on the lips and eyelids and thickest on the palms and soles. Its made up of hundreds of layers that are compacted into three layers. The epidermis, this is the outermost layer of skin which provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, this layer is beneath the epidermis and contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue The skin’s colour is created by cells called melanocytes, these cells produce the pigment melanin and are located in the epidermis

Cross section of the skin

trawstoriad o’r croen Cross section of the skin ffoligl gwallt siafft gwallt capilari gwaed terfynau nerfau mandwll chwys haen tethennol y dermis chwarren sebwm haen rhwydol y dermis cyhyr arrector pili haen isgroenol ffibryn nerfol chwarren chwys Papila y croen bwlb gwallt dolen capilari ffibryn nerfol meinwe bloneg

Swyddogaethau’r Croen Functions of the skin T- teimlo R - rheoli gwres y corff A – amsugno A - amddiffyn C - cael gwared â gwastraff S - secretu Cynhyrchu fitamin D S - sensation H - heat regulation A - absorption P - protection E - excretion S – secretion Vitamin D production

Swyddogaethau’r Croen Functions of the skin Teimlo – Ceir pum math o derfyn nerf yn y croen i helpu'r croen deimlo poen, cyffyrddiad, gwres, oerfel a phwysau ysgafn. Rheoli gwres y corff - Mae'r croen yn helpu rheoli tymheredd y corff drwy chwysu i oeri'r corff wrth iddo orboethi a chrynu wrth iddo oeri. Poeth: Mae'r chwarennau chwys yn y corff yn rhyddhau mwy o chwys wrth boethi ac mae’r chwys yn anweddu sy’n tynnu ynni gwres o’r croen. Mae’r pibellau gwaed sy’n arwain at y capilarïau yn ymagor gan alluogi mwy o waed i lifo drwy’r croen a cholli mwy o wres. Oer : Pan rydym yn oer mae ein cyhyrau’n cyfangu’n sydyn sy’n gwneud i ni grynu. Mae pibellau gwaed sy’n arwain at y capilarïau'n culhau gan adael llai o waed trwy’r croen a chadw gwres yn y corff. Mae crynu yn cau’r mandyllau ac mae’r cyhyrau arrector pili sydd ynghlwm wrth ffoliglau blew yn cyfangu ac yn tynnu’r ffoligl ar i fyny (croen gŵydd) er mwyn iddynt ddal y gwynt cynnes sydd nesaf at y croen, a thrwy hynny, arbed y gwres rhag dianc. Sensation – there are five types of nerve ending within the skin to help identify pain, touch, heat, cold and light pressure Heat regulation – The skin helps regulate the body's temperature by sweating to cool the body when it overheats and shivering when its cold. Hot: The sweat glands in the body release more sweat when hot which evaporates. This removes heat energy from the skin. Blood vessels leading to capillaries become wider (dilate) allowing more blood to flow through the skin and more heat to be lost. Cold : Our muscles contract rapidly when we are cold which causes us to shiver. Blood vessels leading to capillaries become narrower (constrict) letting less blood through the skin and conserving heat in the body. Shivering closes the pores, and the arrector pili muscle attached to the hair contracts causing the hair to stand on end (goose bumps) to trap a layer of warm air next to the skin, which helps to prevent against heat loss.

Swyddogaethau parhad… Functions continued… Protection – The skin is the first barrier we have against outside aggressions. The skin contains a pigment called melanin that protects us from UV light. When we are exposed to UV light more melanin is produced and this is what gives us a suntan. We also have an acidic layer (acid mantle) on the surface of the skin which protects us against bacterial infections. Sebum (oil) is produced by the sebaceous gland and this waterproofs our skin Absorption – some creams, essential oils and medications can be absorbed through the skin via the hair follicles. Ultra violet rays are also absorbed which aid in the production of vitamin D which is essential for the production of healthy bones and eyes. Amddiffyn – Y croen yw’r rhwystr cyntaf yn erbyn ymosodiadau o’r tu allan. Mae’r croen yn cynnwys pigment a elwir yn melanin sy’n ein amddiffyn rhag olau uwchfioled. Pan rydym yn agored i olau uwchfioled cynhyrchir mwy o felanin a dyma sy’n rhoi lliw haul i ni. Mae gennym fantell asid (acid mantle) ar wyneb y croen sy’n ein amddiffyn rhag heintiau bacteriol. Cynhyrchir Sebwm (olew) gan y chwarren sebwm ac mae hyn yn gwneud i’n croen ddal dŵr Amsugno – gall rhai hufenau, olewau hanfodol a meddyginiaethau gael eu hamsugno i mewn i’r croen drwy’r ffoliglau blew. Amsugnir pelydrau uwchfioled hefyd sy’n helpu cynhyrchu fitamin D sy’n hanfodol er mwyn cynnal esgyrn a llygaid iach.

Swyddogaethau parhad… Functions continued… Secretu – Caiff sebwm a chwys eu secretu ar wyneb y croen. Mae sebwm (oel) yn iro ac yn meddalu’r croen. Gyda’i gilydd, mae chwys a sebwm yn ffurfio’r fantell asid. Cael gwared â gwastraff – mae cynhyrchion gwastraff a thocsinau megis dŵr a halen yn gadael y corff drwy’r chwarennau chwys Secretion – Sebum and sweat are secreted onto the skins surface. The sebum (oil) keeps the skin lubricated and soft. Sweat combines with the sebum to form the acid mantle. Excretion – waste products and toxins such as water and salt are removed from the body via the sweat glands

Cross section of the epidermis Task In pairs you will be assigned one layer of the epidermis. Identify the Latin name for your layer and complete the function of the layer you are given. Feedback answers to the rest of the group.

Trawstoriad o’r epidermis Tasg haen cornaidd Mewn parau byddwch yn cael un haen o’r epimermis. Nodwch enw Lladin eich haen yn ogystal â swyddogaeth yr haen rydych wedi’i derbyn. Adroddwch eich atebion yn ôl i weddill y grŵp. haen clir haen gronynnog Haen y celloedd pigo Melanosytau haen y celloedd gwaelodol

Cylchrediad Circulation Blood is transported around the body via the circulatory system Composition of blood = 55% plasma 45% blood cells Plasma is a yellow, transparent fluid made up of mostly water with a small amount of protein present. There are 3 types of blood cells: Red – transport oxygen to cells take away carbon dioxide White – protect body against invading bacteria help form immune system Platelets – play important role in blood clotting Oxygenated blood and nutrients are carried away from the heart via the arteries Deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart via the veins Arteries = Away Vein = In Mae cylchrediad y gwaed yn cario gwaed o amgylch y corff Cyfansoddiad y gwaed = 55% plasma 45% celloedd gwaed Hylif melyn a thryloyw yw plasma sy’n cynnwys dŵr gan fwyaf gydag ychydig o brotein. Ceir tri math o gell gwaed: Coch – yn cludo ocsigen i gelloedd ac yn mynd â carbon deuocsid i ffwrdd Gwyn – yn amddiffyn y corff rhag bacteria ac yn helpu ffurfio’r system imiwn Platennau – yn chwarae rhan bwysig wrth i’r gwaed geulo Caiff gwaed ocsigenedig a maetholion eu cario o’r galon drwy’r rhydweli Caiff gwaed anocsigenedig ei gario yn ôl i’r galon drwy’r gwythiennau Rhydweli = Rhedeg o’r galon Gwythïen – mewn i’r Galon

CYLCHREDIAD Y LLAW A’R FRAICH Circulation of the hand and arm Gwythïen seffalig Rhydweli breichiol Gwythïen basilig Gwythïen elinol ganol Rhydweli elinol Rhydweli radiol Bwa cledrol dwfn

Pibellau gwaed yn y llaw a’r fraich Blood vessels in the hand and arm Brachial artery Rhydweli breichiol Cephalic vein Gwythïen seffalig Basilic vein Gwythïen balisig Radial artery Ulna vein Gwythïen wlna Rhydweli radiol Median cubital vein Median vein Gwythïen ganol Gwythïen elinol ganol Ulna artery Rhydweli wlna Metacarpal artery Rhydweli Metacarpaidd Digital artery Rhydweli byseddol