Computer Hardware

INTRODUCTION Hardware Hardware components Working methodology Trouble shooting

Hardware

Hard ware It is a part of computer system. It is a collection of physical device as like that monitor,keyboard,mouse,etc. It is working based on software.

Software

Software It is a part of computer system. Software is simply said that set of programs Types : system software Operating system Application software Word star,oracle.

Hardware components

Hardware components Processor Input device Output device Memory unit Computer case Powersupply unit Mother board

Processor

CPU It is consists of arithmetic & logic units,control unit,memory unit It is heart of computer.

Processor The CPU – The chip or chips that interpret and execute program instructions and manage the functions of input, output, and storage devices.

PROCESSOR CHIP

PROCESSOR CHIP

Input device

INPUT DEVICE It is used to gave the commands and data to computer.

EXAMPLES MOUSE KEYBOARD SCANNER JOYSTIC LIGHT PEN TOUCH SCREEN MIC .,etc

Mouse An input device operated by rolling its ball across a flat surface. The mouse is used to control the on-screen pointer by pointing and clicking, double-clicking, or dragging objects on the screen.

Keyboard Used to enter information into the computer and for giving commands.

Scanner A device that allows pictures to be placed into a computer.

Touchpad A pressure-sensitive and motion sensitive device used in place of a mouse.

Microphone Allows the user to record sounds as input to their computer.

Output devices

OUTPUT DEVICES It is used to display the processing results

EXAMPLES Monitor Printer Speaker Projector

Monitor A display screen to provide “output” to the user. It is where you view the information your are working on.

Speakers Used to generate or reproduce voice, music, and other sounds.

Printer An output device that produces a hard copy on paper. It gives information to the user in printed form.

BUS

BUS It is used to transfer the data and control Types: Unidirectional bus Bi-directional bus

unidirectional bus It transfer the data & control in single direction. Symbol :

Bi-directional bus It transfer the data & control in both direction. Symbol :

MEMORY UNIT

Memory unit It is used to store the data and program All information are storing itself in digital signals

MEMORY UNIT Types : INTERNAL MEMORY EXTERNAL MEMORY

INTERNAL MEMORY

INTERNAL MEMORY ACTIVITY TYPES OF MEMORY MEMORY CAPACITY BUS SPEED

Activity It is consists of semiconductor device It is used to store the program and data when processing time. Low storage capacity It is part of CPU.

TYPES OF MEMORY RAM(Random Access Memory) ROM(Random Only Memory)

ROM It is used to store the information in permanently and read only. It is not possible to write another information.

ROM TYPES PROM(PROGRAMMABLE ROM) E-P-ROM(ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE ROM) E-E-P-ROM(ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE ROM)

RAM Random Access Memory RAM is a computer’s temporary memory, which exists as chips on the motherboard near the CPU.

TYPES OF RAM EDO RAM SD RAM DDR RAM DDR-2 RAM RD RAM Extended Data Out RAM SD RAM Synchronous Dynamic RAM DDR RAM Double Data Rate RAM DDR-2 RAM Double Data Rate –2 RAM RD RAM Rambus Dynamic RAM

EDO RAM Legs: Cuttings: Generation: Memory capacity: Bus speed: 72nos 1 Generation: p1 Memory capacity: 1mb,2mb,4mb,8mb,16mb Bus speed: 16mhz

SD RAM Legs: Cuttings: generation;: Memory capacity: Bus speed: 168nos 2 generation;: P1,p2 Memory capacity: 1mb,2mb,4mb,8mb,16mb Bus speed: 16mhz

DDR RAM Legs: Cuttings: generation;: Memory capacity: Bus speed: 184nos Cuttings: 1 generation;: P4, Memory capacity: 128mb,256mb,512mb,1gb,2gb Bus speed: PC266,PC300,PC333,PC400,PC533

DDR-2 RAM It simply DDR ram . It is double transfer rate compare to DDR RAM Memory capacity: 512mb,1gb,2gb Bus speed: PC600,PC800

RD RAM Legs: Cuttings: generation;: Memory capacity: Bus speed: 228nos nil generation;: P4 Memory capacity: 1mb,2mb,4mb,8mb,16mb Bus speed: 16mhz

EXTERNAL MEMORY

EXTERNAL MEMORY ACTIVITY TYPES OF MEMORY HARD DISK CONSTRUCTION STROGE METHOD CAPACITY

ACTIVITY It is consists of magnetic devices. It is stores the information permanently. It is a external device. High memory capacity.

TYPES OF MEMORY FLOPPY DISK DRIVE COMPACT DISK DRIVE DIGITAL VERSALITE DEVICE (DVD) PENDRIVE HARD DISK DIRVE

Floppy Disk Drive A device that holds a removable floppy disk when in use; read/write heads read and write data to the diskette.

CD Compact Disk – A type of optical storage device.

Hard Disk Magnetic storage device in the computer.

HARD DISK CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION It is magnetic storage device. Hard disk consists Read/write head Spindle motor Head actuator Disk media(platter)

Hard Drive

Internal diagram Read/write head platter

How Data is Organized on Disk Tracks- circular areas of the disk Length of a track one circumference of disk Over 1000 on a hard disk Data first written to outer most track Sectors- Divides tracks sections On a floppy 9 sectors exits Cylinders- Logical groupings of the the same track on each disk surface in a disk unit Clusters- Groups of sectors used by operating system 64 sectors in one cluster

Tracks and sectors Can store 512 bytes Sector = Track= small arc of track Track= concentric circle

CAPACITY CAPACITY= (N cylinder ) X( N track) X (N sector) X (512bytes)

HARD DISK ALERT Doesnot move or copy the folder to one place to another place Save the folder to include display the another letter Example: Sai ---->folder name ~$sai----> folder name

Hard disk alert Bearing fault:

Hard disk alert Read/head fault:

Computer Case Contains the major components of the computer. It helps protect them.

Front of the Computer Case

Inside the Computer Case

Power supply unit

Power supply unit It includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the motherboard and internal disk drives. It also converts alternating current to direct current and provides different voltages to different parts of the computer.

Power Supply unit SMPS(Switched mode Power Supply) It used to computer system.

Mother board

Mother board It is a body of computer. It is includes Processor Chipset Ports I/O Slots Connectors

Cards

Cards It is a circuit board. It contains many semiconductor device.

Cards Types: VGA CARD SOUND CARD LAN CARD TUNER CARD I/O CARD AGP CARD

Video Card Connects the computer to the monitor. It is a circuit board attached to the motherboard that contains the memory and other circuitry necessary to send information to the monitor for display on screen.

Sound Card Connects the speakers and microphone to the computer.

Lan card It is also called It used for Ethernet card Nic card Network adaptor It used for Network purpose

Network Card A circuit board that connects the computer to the rest of the network usually using special cables.

Modem The place where the computer is connected to the phone line.

Tuner card It is used for Cable tv purpose

I/O CARD It is also called “add-on card” It is used for Serial port Parallel port FDC connector IDC connector Game port

AGP CARD It used for graphics purpose

I/O SLOTS

I/O SLOTS It is used to insert the card. It is connect the process.

I/O SLOTS TYPES: ISA SLOT PCI SLOT Industrial Standard Archistructure Peripheral Component Interconnect

ISA SLOT

ISA SLOT It has 8 bit,16 bit transmission Insert cards Black color VGA CARD SOUND CARD INTERNAL MODEM LAN CARD ADD-ON CARD

ISA SLOT

PCI SLOT

PCI SLOT It has 8 bit,16 bit transmission Insert cards White or yellow color Insert cards VGA CARD SOUND CARD INTERNAL MODEM LAN CARD TUNER CARD

Ports

Ports

Ports Types Serial port Parallel port Game port Special port

Serial port

Serial port It has 9 pins. Serial data transmission.

Serial port Connecting devices: Serial mouse Serial printer Scanner External modem Web camera For Network

Parallel port

Parallel port It has 25 pins. Parallel data transmission

Parallel port Connecting devices: Parallel mouse Parallel printer Scanner External modem For network

Game port

Game port It used to playing games in computer. It has 15 pins 1st line ---> 7pins 2nd line ---> 8 pins

SPECIAL PORT

Special port It is used to connect external device(upto 175 device). Example: USB UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS PEN DRIVE

connector

connector

Connector Types: FP CONNECTOR IDE CONNECTOR FDC CONNECTOR FRONT PANEL INTERGRATED DEVICE ELECTRONICS FDC CONNECTOR FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

FP CONNECTOR It connects Restart button Power switch

IDE CONNECTOR It has 40 pins. Connecting devices HD DRIVE CD DRIVE ZIP DRIVE

FDC CONNECTOR It has 34 pins. Connecting devices: FD A CONNECT FD B CONNECT

Chipset

Chip set It mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.

Chipset It includes South bridge North bridge Super I/O controller Bios controller It used to control the system configuration & booting Sound controller Controls sound output

South bridge

South bridge It controls PCI BUS ISA BUS USB PORT IDE CONTROLLER BIOS CONTROLLER SOUND CONTROLLER LAN CONTROLLER SUPER I/O CONTROLLER

NORTH BRIDGE

North bridge It controls Processor Memory(RAM) AGP(Display)

SUPER I/O CONTROLLER

Super I/o controller It controls Key board Mouse Serial port Parallel port FDC FPC

WORKING METHODLOGY

HARD WARE BLOCK DIAGRAM

Memory Unit Output device Input device CPU Control system DATA PATH CONTROL PATH

PIN CONFRIGUTION

PS/2 PORT KEY BOARD (AT/DIN5) MOUSE (PS/2)

AT / DIN5 OVERVIEW The Din5 port, also known as the AT port, is generally found on older computers. This port is commonly used for a computer keyboard.

Pin Description 1 Keyboard Clock 2 Keyboard Data 3 Not Connected or Keyboard Reset 4 Ground 5 Power +5V

PS/2 PORT OVERVIEW PS/2 ports are found on the majority of all IBM computers today. This port is used to accept input devices such as the Mouse and Keyboard

Pin Description 1 Mouse Data 2 Not Connected 3 Ground 4 Power +5V 5 Mouse Clock 6

HARD DISK PARTITION

C: D: Primary dos partition E: Extended dos partition Logical dos partition F: G:

TROUBLE SHOOTING

TROUBLE SHOOTING It is gave to solution for how to release computer hard ware troubles

TROUBLE SHOOTING TROUBLES: SYSTEM DEAD CONTIONUOS RESTART MEDIA NOT FOUND PS/2 ERROR VIRUS

SYSTEM DEAD

SYSTEM DEAD CHECK FOLLOWING: LED ON BUT SYSTEM DEAD CPU WIRE MELTING SMPS FAULT ATX CABLE CONNECTION

SYSTEM DEAD CHECK FOLLOWING: LED OFF BUT SYSTEM DEAD CMOS BATTERY LOW/DRY BIOS IC FAULT RAM DEAD PROCESSOR FAULT

CONTIONUOS RESTART

CONTIONUOS RESTART CHECK FOLLOWING: WHEN POST BEFORE: OS PROBLEM CMOS BATTERY LOW/DRY SOUTH BRIDGE FALULT PROCESSOR HEAT IDE CABLE CONNECTION

CONTIONUOS RESTART CHECK FOLLOWING: WHEN POST AFTER: OS PROBLEM FILE MISSING VIRUS HARD DISK RETRIVE PROBLEM PROCESSOR HEAT

MEDIA NOT FOUND

MEDIA NOT FOUND CHECK FOLLOWING: HARD DISK PROBLEM IDE CABLE CONNECTION HARD DISK POWER SUPPLY HARD DISK JUMPER BIOS SETTING

PS/2 ERROR

PS/2 ERROR CHECK FOLLOWING: KEYBOARD SHORT CIRCUIT MOUSE SHORT CIRCUIT

VIRUS

VIRUS

ANTI VIRUS

CONTROL PANEL