Chapter 7 Prepositions, and Conjunctions

Prepositions and prepositional phrases A preposition is a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. EXAMPLE The boy near the window is French. The word near is a preposition. It shows the relationship between the noun window and the word boy. A preposition may consist of more than one word. EXAMPLE Yasmin will visit Trinidad instead of Jamaica.

Common prepositions Aboard at down off to about before during on toward above behind except onto under across below for opposite underneath after beneath from out until against beside in outside up along besides inside over upon among between into past with around beyond like since within as but (except) near through without by of throughout

Some prepositions of more than one word. according to aside from in front of instead of across from because of in place of on account of along with except for in spite of on top of

Prepositional phrases A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. EXAMPLE Hang the painting outside the new auditorium. A preposition may have a compound object. EXAMPLE Between the chair and the table was a window.

Practice in class- instructions Write each prepositional phrase. Underline the preposition and circle the object of the preposition. Then write the word the prepositional phrase modifies. Finally, write adjective or adverb to tell how the prepositional phrase is used

Practice sentences- complete on a sheet of paper 1. Most sixth-graders already know about computers. 2. They use computers for written reports and research on the Internet. 3. You can go to the Web site of an encyclopedia for information. 4. Also, you can usually locate through a popular search engine more information about your topic. 5. You can also find a calculator on your computer. 6. The calculator can help you with your math homework. 7. The calculator on the computer is not part of the Internet. 8. That means the time you spend on the calculator is not charged to an Internet account. 9. The time you spend on the Internet is charged to an account paid for by your family or by the school. 10. A computer is a useful tool for many people.

Pronouns as objects of prepositions When a pronoun is the object of a preposition, use an object pronoun, not a subject pronoun. EXAMPLE Dan handed the tickets to Natalie. EXAMPLE Dan handed the tickets to her. In the example, the object pronoun her replaces Natalie as the object of the preposition to. A preposition may have a compound object: two or more nouns, two or more pronouns, or a combination of nouns and pronouns. Use object pronouns in compound objects.

Pronouns as objects of prepositions EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from Ivan and Vera. EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from Ivan and her. EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from him and Vera. EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from him and her. Object pronouns are used in the second, third, and fourth sentences. In the second sentence, Ivan and her is the compound object of the preposition from. In the third sentence, him and Vera is the compound object of the preposition from. In the fourth sentence, him and her is the compound object of the preposition from. If you’re not sure whether to use a subject pronoun or an object pronoun, read the sentence aloud with only the pronoun.

Pronouns as objects of prepositions EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from her. EXAMPLE I borrowed the suitcase from him. Who is a subject pronoun. Whom is an object pronoun. EXAMPLE Who lent you the suitcase? EXAMPLE From whom did you borrow the suitcase

Practice in class for pronouns as objects of prepositions Write the correct word from the choices in parentheses. 1. We heard about the neighborhood from (she, her). 2. We will live next to (she, her) and her family. 3. I hope we like (she and they, her and them, she and them, her and they). 4. Her daughter and son called my brother and (I, me). 5. They suggested some neighborhood places for (him and I, I and he, him and me, he and me) to visit. 6. I wondered to (who, whom) I was speaking. 7. They want to meet all of (we, us) soon. 8. It was very nice of (they, them) to call. 9. They asked whether we had questions for (he and she, him and her, him and she, he and her). 10. According to (she, her), we will like the town

Prepositional phrases as adjectives and adverbs A prepositional phrase is an adjective phrase when it modifies, or describes, a noun or a pronoun. EXAMPLE The servers at the new restaurant are courteous. EXAMPLE The atmosphere includes photographs from old movies. In the first sentence, the prepositional phrase at the new restaurant modifies the subject of the sentence, servers. In the second sentence, the prepositional phrase from old movies modifies the direct object, photographs. Notice that, unlike most adjectives, an adjective phrase usually comes after the word it modifies.

Prepositional phrases as adjectives and adverbs A prepositional phrase is an adverb phrase when it modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverb phrases: Modifies a verb: The servers dress like movie characters. Modifies an adjective: The restaurant is popular with young people. Modifies an adverb: The restaurant opens early in the morning. Most adverb phrases tell when, where, or how an action takes place. More than one prepositional phrase may modify the same word

Prepositional phrases as adjectives and adverbs How adverb phrases modify verbs When? Many people eat a light meal during the lunch hour. Wheere? Some eat lunch on the covered patio. How? Others eat their meals in a hurry.

In class practice for prepositional phrase as adjectives and adverbs PRACTICE Identifying Adjective and Adverb Phrases Write each prepositional phrase. Then write the word it modifies. Finally, write adjective or adverb to tell how it’s used. 1. Sometimes there are good programs on television. 2. Sports programs are preferred by many people. 3. They want football without commercials. 4. Ten ads may air within one break, though. 5. Other people like shows about nature. 6. They are often scheduled on public television. 7. News shows are popular with many people. 8. People can learn about presidential candidates. 9. Voters can choose among candidates. 10. Debates between candidates are held during a campaign.

Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction is a word used to connect compound parts of a sentence. And, but, or, nor, and for are coordinating conjunctions. So and yet are also sometimes used as coordinating conjunctions. An easy way to remember: F.A.N.B.O.Y.S Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words used to connect compound parts of a sentence. Correlative conjunctions include both . . . and, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, and not only . . . but also.

Using coordinating conjunctions to form compounds Compound Subject : Allison and Rosita have lived in Mexico City. Compound Objects: Give your suitcases and packages to Ben or Bill. Compound Predicate: Tourists shop or relax on the beaches. Compound Sentence: Tillie shopped every day, but we toured the city. To make the relationship between words or groups of words especially strong, use correlative conjunctions.

Examples EXAMPLE Examples of great architecture exist in both New York and Paris. EXAMPLE Neither Luis nor I have visited those cities. When a compound subject is joined by and, the subject is usually plural. The verb must agree with the plural subject. EXAMPLE Winnie and Sumi are in Madrid this week. When a compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb must agree with the nearer subject. EXAMPLE Neither Rhondelle nor the twins speak Spanish. EXAMPLE Neither the twins nor Rhondelle speaks Spanish.

In class practice for coordinating conjunctions Write each conjunction. Then write compound subject, compound object, compound predicate, or compound sentence to tell what parts the conjunction joins. 1. Many cities and towns have summertime farmers’ markets. 2. People can buy vegetables and flowers there. 3. Both the farmers and the shoppers often get an early start. 4. Some shoppers go early to get the freshest produce, but they go back later in the day to get bargains on produce that has not sold. 5. The vegetables and fruit are so beautiful that some people like just to look at them. 6. Neither the shoppers nor the farmers, however, ever forget about how delicious the vegetables are. 7. Most shoppers browse and choose carefully. 8. Sometimes cooks and chefs shop at the market, or they send their assistants. 9. Chefs want the freshest vegetables and fruit. 10. They pick and choose carefully.

Making compound subjects and verbs agree Write the correct word from the choices in parentheses. 1. Many kids and their families (go, goes) on vacations at some time during the school year. 2. Neither Lisa nor her sister (want, wants) to leave home this summer, though 3. The girls and their neighbor Josh (skateboard, skateboards) in the park almost every day. 4. Skateboarding and bike riding (is, are) their favorite things to do. 5. The girls’ father and mother (think, thinks) the family should visit their grandparents. 6. Either their mother or grandmother (do, does) a lot of baking when they visit. 7. The girls or Grandmother (look, looks) for recipes. 8. Lisa and Jen (leave, leaves) the bicycles at home. 9. Mom and Dad (allow, allows) them to take their skateboards, however. 10. Now both Lisa and Jen (seem, seems) happy.

Conjunctive adverbs You can use a special kind of adverb instead of a conjunction to join the simple sentences in a compound sentence. This special kind of adverb is called a conjunctive adverb. EXAMPLE Many Asians use chopsticks, but some use forks. EXAMPLE Many Asians use chopsticks; however, some use forks. A conjunctive adverb, such as however, is usually stronger and more exact than a coordinating conjunction like and or but.

Using conjunctive adverbs To replace and: Besides, furthermore, moreover To replace but: however, nevertheless, still To state a result: consequently, therefore, thus To state equality: equally, likewise, similarly A conjunctive adverb may be used to join the simple sentences in a compound sentence.

When two simple sentences are joined with a conjunctive adverb, use a semicolon at the end of the first sentence. Place a comma after a conjunctive adverb that begins the second part of a compound sentence. If a conjunctive adverb is used in the middle of a simple sentence, set it off with commas. EXAMPLE The school cafeteria sometimes serves casseroles; however, these meals are not very tasty. EXAMPLE The school cafeteria sometimes serves casseroles; these meals, however, are not very tasty.

In class practice for conjunctive adverbs Write each sentence. Underline the conjunctive adverb. Add appropriate punctuation. 1. There are seven continents on Earth however some are smaller than others. 2. Africa and South America could fit together like puzzle pieces therefore scientists think they probably once were connected. 3. Alaska and Russia could also fit together thus they too might have been connected. 4. Other clues suggest the origin of continents from one big landmass consequently some scientists find this a fascinating subject to study. 5. I firmly support the theory that all the continents were once part of one large landmass moreover the evidence should be compelling to all thoughtful people.