RED BOOK REPRODUCTION REVIEW

*Describe asexual reproduction. *Describe sexual reproduction. *Two parent cells

*Explain fertilization.

*Compare mitosis & meiosis.

*What is differentiation?

*Describe the 3 cell layers in the gastrula. The embryo becomes three layers. Each layer will eventually form the different organ systems Ectoderm: (Outer layer) skin & CNS Endoderm: (Inner layer) GI Tract & lungs Mesoderm: (Middle Layer) everything else

*What hormone controls male human reproduction? *List 2 hormones involved in female reproduction.

*Where are sperm cells produced & stored? *Where are egg cell produced & stored?

*Describe the human menstrual cycle.

*What is the function of the placenta? fetus

*Describe several risk factors during fetal development.

mitosis A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally distributing replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter cells. gamete A haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. diploid cell A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. haploid cell (aka monoploid) A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n). zygote The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg. meiosis A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell. fertilization The union (joining) of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

development The production of the specialized characteristics of a multicellular organism, beginning with the fertilization of an egg. embryo A developing stage of multicellular organisms; in humans, the stage in the development of offspring from the first division of the zygote until body structures begin to appear; about the ninth week of development (gestation). vas deferens The tube in the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the testes to the urethra. oviduct (fallopian tube) A tube from the ovary to the uterus where ova pass thorough during development. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm. amnion sac a fluid-filled sac in that holds the embryo/fetus.

*What process is demonstrated in this diagram? MITOSIS OVIDUCT BLADDER FALLOPIAN TUBES VAS DEFRENS UTERUS OVARY CERVIX VAGINA TESTES PENIS

The diagram below represents chromosomes in a zygote. Which diagrams best illustrate the Daughter cells that result from normal mitotic cell division of this zygote?

1. Which activity most directly involves the process represented in the diagram below? (1) a gamete reproducing sexually (2) a white blood cell engulfing bacteria (3) a zygote being produced in an ovary (4) an animal repairing damaged tissue 5. Certain bacteria produce a chemical that makes them resistant to penicillin. Since these bacteria reproduce asexually, they usually produce off-spring that (1) can be destroyed by penicillin (2) mutate into another species (3) are genetically different from their parents (4) survive exposure to penicillin

2. The chromosome content of a skin cell that is about to form two new skin cells is represented in the diagram below. Which diagram best represents the chromosomes that would be found in the two new skin cells produced as a result of this process?

4. Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction 4. Which phrases best identify characteristics of asexual reproduction? (1) one parent, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to the parent (2) one parent, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents (3) two parents, union of gametes, offspring similar to but not genetically identical to parents (4) two parents, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to parents 5. Which statement correctly describes the genetic makeup of the sperm cells produced by a human male? (1) Each cell has pairs of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically identical. (2) Each cell has pairs of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically different. (3) Each cell has half the normal number of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically identical. (4) Each cell has half the normal number of chromosomes and the cells are usually genetically different.

6. Most cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes 6. Most cells in the body of a fruit fly contain eight chromosomes. In some cells, only four chromosomes are present, a condition which is a direct result of (1) mitotic cell division (2) meiotic cell division (3) embryonic differentiation (4) internal fertilization 7. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the body cells of humans. This extra chromosome occurs in a gamete as a result of (1) an error in the process of cloning (2) an error in meiotic cell division (3) a gene mutation (4) replication of a single chromosome during mitosis 8. In an environment that undergoes frequent change, species that reproduce sexually may have an advantage over species that reproduce asexually because the sexually reproducing species produce (1) more offspring in each generation (2) identical offspring (3) offspring with more variety (4) new species of offspring in each generation

9. Some stages in the development of an individual are listed below 9. Some stages in the development of an individual are listed below. (A) differentiation of cells into tissues (B) fertilization of egg by sperm (C) organ development (D) mitotic cell division of zygote Which sequence represents the correct order of these stages? (1) A—B—C—D (2) B—C—A—D (3) D—B—C—A (4) B—D—A—C

10. 11. Which substance usually passes in the greatest amount through the placenta from the blood of the fetus to the blood of the mother? (1) oxygen (2) carbon dioxide (3) amino acids (4) glucose

12. The reproductive cycle of a human is usually regulated by (1) gametes (2) hormones (3) natural selection (4) immune responses 13. Structures in a human female are represented in the diagram below. A heavy dose of radiation would have the greatest impact on genetic information in future offspring if it reached gametes developing within structure (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

14. Which statement does not correctly describe an adaptation of the human female reproductive system? (1) It produces gametes in ovaries. (2) It provides for external fertilization of an egg. (3) It provides for internal development of the embryo. (4) It removes excretions produced by the fetus. 15. Which reproductive structure is correctly paired with its function? (1) uterus—usual site of fertilization (2) testis—usual location for egg development (3) ovary—delivers nutrients to the embryo (4) sperm—transports genetic material