Biotechnology

The term of „biotechnology” 20. The term of „biotechnology” Biotechnology is a set of techniques based especially on molecular and cell biology; utilized for the generation of organisms with novel features. 1. Techniques used in basic and applied biology  broad interpretation 2. Techniques producing potentially applicable results  most frequent interpretation 3. Techniques used to produce product for gaining profit from selling them  narrow interpretation 1. Red biotechnology: in medicine 2. Green biotechnology: in agriculture Generally, any technique that is used to make or modify the products of living organisms in order to improve plants or animals, or to develop useful microorganisms. In modern terms, biotechnology has come to mean the use of cell and tissue culture, cell fusion, molecular biology, and in particular, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology to generate unique organisms with new traits or organisms that have the potential to produce specific products. Some examples of products in a number of important disciplines are described below. Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy. 3. White biotechnology: in industry 4. Blue biotechnology: in aquatic and marine applic. 2

The fields of biotechnology 21. The fields of biotechnology Cloning Environmental biotechnology Recombinant proteins Genetically modified organisms Stem cell technology Gene therapy Tumor therapy etc. Generally, any technique that is used to make or modify the products of living organisms in order to improve plants or animals, or to develop useful microorganisms. In modern terms, biotechnology has come to mean the use of cell and tissue culture, cell fusion, molecular biology, and in particular, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology to generate unique organisms with new traits or organisms that have the potential to produce specific products. Some examples of products in a number of important disciplines are described below. Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare. Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. An example of this would be Bt corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genomic manipulation. White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investments and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies form what has been described as the bioeconomy.

Biotechnology Gene technology-based approaches Non-genetic approaches 1. Biotechnology Gene technology-based approaches Non-genetic approaches Knockout & transgenic organisms Recombinant proteins New stem cell techniques microchips Live vaccines Gene therapy, immunotherapy Industrial fermentation Cloned organisms Live vaccines Monoclonal antibodies Traditional stem cell technology etc.

Recombinant gene technology 2. Intervention  Examination Recombinant gene technology Genomics

22. Protest by society

Protest by the society 23. 60’s: against conservatism 80’s: against nuclear power plants 2000’s against globalization From 70’s until now: against gene technology and biotechnology Cloning:personality rights Stem cells: sacrament of life Gene technology: dangerous GMOs: unhealthy Gene therapy:Creator’s business

Cloning 8

Cloning Types: According to the biological nature of clones 24. Types: According to the biological nature of clones (1) Molecular cloning amplification of DNA fragments (2) Cloning of cells from one cell to many cells with identical genotype (3) Cloning of organisms genetically identical individuals from a cell or an organ According to the aim of genaration (1) Reproductive cloning geneartion of a new individual (2) Therapeutical cloning production of stem cells (a) Research or (b) therapy

Cloning Natural clones Asexual reproduction 25. Natural clones Asexual reproduction (2) Sexual reproduction: identical twins trofoblaszt sejttömeg belső 2 sejtes: külön placenta 5 nap: egy placenta, külön amnion burok 9 nap: egy amnion burok 10. Nap sziámi ikrek lehetnek

26. Plant cloning Organ culture Embryo culture Callus culture Adult plant Adult plant 2 sejtes: külön placenta 5 nap: egy placenta, külön amnion burok 9 nap: egy amnion burok 10. Nap sziámi ikrek lehetnek Cell culture Protoplast culture Cells of many plant species can be regenerated to whole plants (totipotency) 11

Micropropagation Aim: - multiplication 27. in the laboratory - getting rid of viruses - etc.

28. Embryo twinning

Robert Briggs Thomas King Cloning 29. 2012 Nuclear transfer John Gurdon Robert Briggs Thomas King 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, working on a frog, Rana pipiens, became the first to successfully transplant living nuclei in multicellular organisms.

Robert Briggs Thomas King Telomere shortening or Cloning 29. Nuclear transfer 1997 2005 Rana pipiens 1952 Robert Briggs Thomas King Frog A Frog B Frog B clone 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, working on a frog, Rana pipiens, became the first to successfully transplant living nuclei in multicellular organisms. Dolly 1996 - 2003 Sir Ian Wilmut Egg Skin cell irradiation nucleus Telomere shortening or Infection?

Cloning 30. (Nuclear transfer) 1a. 2. 3. 1b. 5. 6. 4. Skin cell White headed Skin cell 1a. 2. electric shock Fused cell Black headed Egg cell 3. 1b. Removal of nucleus Black headed 5. White headed 6. EMBRYO DOLLY 4. Surrogate mother

Cloning 31. DOLLY Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning Skin cell White head Black head Cloning DOLLY Skin cell Egg Cell fusion (or nuclear transfer) Removal of nucleus Cloned embryo Black head White headed clone Surrogate mother Embryonic stem cells Black leg Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning

(Afghan hound skin cell) 32. Cloning How has snoopy been cloned? DOLLY Enucleated egg (mixed-breed bitch) Snoopy (Afghan hound) Fusion nucleus (Afghan hound skin cell) Surrogate mother (Labrador terrier) Hwang Woo Suk

Cloning 33. Cloned human (Kazahstan, 2008?) Medicine Skin cell Egg cell Removal of nucleus Cell fusion (or nuclear transfer) Cloned human (Kazahstan, 2008?) Cloned embryo Medicine Surrogate mother REPRODUCTIVE CLONING THERAPEUTICAL CLONING Cloned baby Embryonic stem cells

The nucleus is reprogrammed during cloning Epigenetikus öröklődés: 1 egyededen belül 34. The nucleus is reprogrammed during cloning Cloned baby Egg Nucleus Cloned zygote Cloned embryo Nucleus „time switcher” Body cell (e.g. skin cell) EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING

Cloning The ORIGINAL SIN 35. Cloned Evils Dangerous Organ donors Cloned soldiers Unnatural Do not interfere to the Creator’s business Personality rights

What is cloning good for? 36. What is cloning good for? Reproductive cloning Basic research: propagation of individuals with identical genotypes → → animals with identical genetic backgrounds provide more reliable results in scientific experiments Agriculture: propagation of advantageous breeds. Danger: lack of genetic variablilty → → a pathogen can exterminate the entire breed or species Therapeutic cloning Medicine: propagation of cells identical with the donor → in the experiments we obtain useful information on the donor for his/her treating strategy (personalized medicine)

Human/animal chimeras and hybrids 37. Human/animal chimeras and hybrids

Human/animal chimeras and hybrids 38. Human/animal chimeras and hybrids CHIMERA HYBRID mouse human 2008 England permission: Cow/human hybrid Chimeric cell group chimeric mouse