Synthetic Analogues of Nucleotides

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Presentation transcript:

Synthetic Analogues of Nucleotides Lecture # 3 Dr. Shumaila Asim

Learning Outcomes Knowledge; Describe the therapeutic importance of synthetic analogs of nitrogenous bases and nucleosides Contents Antiviral drugs Anticancer drugs Drugs used for hyperuricemia Organ transplant drugs Drugs used for Asthma

Synthetic Analogues of Nucleotides These are also called anti metabolites-therapeutic application Prepared by altering the ring or sugar moiety. Used in chemotherapy.

Synthetic nucleotide analogs are used in chemotherapy Chemically synthesized analogs of purines and pyrimidines, their nucleosides and their nucleotides find numerous applications in clinical medicine Administration of an analog in which either the heterocyclic ring or the sugar moiety has been altered induces toxic effect when the analog is incorporated into specific cellular constituents

Their effects reflect one of two processes: Inhibition by the drug of specific enzymes essential for nucleic acid synthesis Incorporation of metabolites of the drug into nucleic acids, thus they effect the base pairing required for accurate replication

Examples 5-fluoro uracil → thymine analog 5-iodo deoxyuridine → thyminide analog 6-mercaptopurine → purine analaog

6-thioguanine → purine analaog 8-azaguanine → purine analaog 5 or 6-azauridine → pirimidine analaog 6-azacytidine → pirimidine analaog

4-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine (allopurinol) → purine analaog Allopurinol inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis and xanthine oxidase activity. It is used for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout

The nucleoside, cytarabine (arabinosyl cytosine), in which arabinose replaces ribose, is used in chemotherapy and in treatment of viral infections Azathioprine is catabolized to 6-mercaptopurine and is used during organ transplantation to suppress immunological rejection

Use in molecular biology Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes: As a tool to detect particular sequences As a tool with resistance to RNA hydrolysis As a tool for another purpose, such as sequencing Investigation of the mechanisms used by enzyme, such as an enzyme inhibitor Investigation of possible scenarios of the origin of life Investigation of the structural features of nucleic acids Investigation of the possible alternatives to the natural system in synthetic biology