Do Now 3/1 Pick up the half-page from the front and glue it in your notebook. This is your warm up so spend 5 minutes working out an answer.

Taxonomy is the science of classification.  Classification the grouping of     information or objects based on    similarities.

copyright cmassengale Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

We only know about a fraction of the   organisms that exist or have existed on Earth. Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to    each species they know about whether it’s alive    today or extinct.  The scientific name comes from one of two  “dead”  languages – Latin or ancient Greek.  Why use a dead language?

Mountain Lion

Cougar

Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

There are at least 50 common names for that animal shown. Common names often vary according to region. Soooo……why use a scientific name?

Binomial Nomenclature     a two name system for writing scientific names. The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).     The species name is written second (never capitalized).     Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor Which is the genus? The species?

Binomial Nomenclature copyright cmassengale Which TWO are more closely related?

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain     Kingdom     Phylum (Division – used for plants)        Class            Order                Family                                                     Genus                     Species  BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale

The grouping of organisms into DOMAINS and KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: 1. Cell Type  (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number  (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes 1. Cell Type: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

2nd criteria for Domain and Kingdom Divisions:     Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

Heterotrophs must get energy by eating Autotrophs capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food. Heterotrophs must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down.

• Domain Archaea The Three Domains Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Includes newly discovered cell types Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Includes other members of old kingdom Monera Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Domain Eukarya Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells – Protista – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Do Now 3/2 Go through and summarize your notes from yesterday.

What you need for Each Kingdom Domain in which it belongs Cell Type Number of Cells Cell Wall Presence Type of Nutrition Type of Reproduction Examples

Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- Live in very harsh environments extremophiles

copyright cmassengale Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

Eubacteria It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

copyright cmassengale Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Rod or Stick (bacilli) Sphere (cocci) Helical or spiral (borrelia)

Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

Protists Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

Protista Kingdom There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever)  Giardia

Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness  Trypanosoma

Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

Protists Disease Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs Protists Nutrition Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Penicillin Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

Fungi Ringworm

Fungi Nutrition All fungi are absorptive heterotrophs    - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter -  Mutualists – live symbiotically -  Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

common bread molds There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) Zygospore (Zygosporangia) common bread molds reproduce by “spores”- asexual reproduction!

There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) Mushrooms & puffballs Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)

There are 4 main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes) Pharmaceutically important! Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted COMMERCIALLY important! Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

Do Now 3/3 Students were discussing the classification of their new class pet, Mr. Crabby the hermit crab, when their teacher asked, “Which are most closely related, hermit crabs from the same domain, class, or family?”

Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… they are autotrophs

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Conifers (Gymnosperms) 4 important plant groups are the: Non-vascular Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Vascular Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Conifers (Gymnosperms)

Nonvascular Plants - Mosses the simplest of all land dwelling plants  lack an internal means for water transportation  do not produce seeds or flowers - fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

Mosses

Liverworts & Hornworts

Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

Gymnosperms Conifers (pine cones) Oldest vascular plants

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Do now 3/3 Arrange the following plant groups into a cladogram: Bryophytes (moss) Pteridophytes (ferns) Gymnosperms (conifers) Angiosperms (flowers)

Kingdom Animalia All animals are: Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kingdom Body Symmetry 1. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves.

2. Radial Symmetry Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

2nd Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

Kingdom Phylum Major phylums of animals are… Subphylum Class Order Family Genus species

Porifera: sponges

Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst

Nematocyst

Another Cnidarian – the Hydra Hydra can reproduce asexually by “budding” A “bud” is a CLONE of its parent

Mollusks Octopi, squid

Mollusks Clams, oysters

Mollusks Snails, slugs

Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria Human liver fluke

Flatworms – PLANARIA Hermaphrodites Planaria – capable of regeneration fertilize their own sex cells internally zygotes are released into water to hatch Planaria – capable of regeneration being studied to understand stem cells ability to differentiate.

Annelids (segmented worms) Worms & leeches

Arthropods Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

Echinoderms Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) Phylum: Chordates The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar Subphylum: Vertebrates (backbone) Bilateral symmetry Endoskeletons Closed circulatory systems Nervous systems with complex brains Efficient respiratory systems

Phylum: Chordates Reptile Fish Tunicates Amphibian Bird Mammal

Phylum: Chordates

The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.

                                                            

Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale