Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 488-498 (March 2010) Nocturia Frequency, Bother, and Quality of Life: How Often Is Too Often? A Population- Based Study in Finland  Kari A.O. Tikkinen, Theodore M. Johnson, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, Harri Sintonen, Jari Haukka, Heini Huhtala, Anssi Auvinen  European Urology  Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 488-498 (March 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080 Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Study flow chart. SD=standard deviation. European Urology 2010 57, 488-498DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Prevalence of bother by frequency of nocturia (one, two, three, or four or more voids per night) among men and women. Age standardisation was performed using the age structure of Finland (beginning of 2004). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. European Urology 2010 57, 488-498DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Degree of bother (scale: none, small, moderate, major) from nocturia by age group among men and women (A) with one void per night and (B) with two voids per night. European Urology 2010 57, 488-498DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Age-adjusted means for 15D score by frequency of nocturia (zero, one, two, or three or more voids per night) among men and women aged 18–39, 40–59, and 60–79 yr. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. A difference of 0.03 is considered the minimum clinically important difference in the 15D score [11]. European Urology 2010 57, 488-498DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Age-adjusted means for dimension-level values (profiles) of the 15D instrument [11] by frequency of nocturia (zero, one, two, or three or more voids per night). Dimension-level values of health-related quality of life on a 0–1 scale (0=dead, 1=full health) for profiles by sex. The effect of nocturia on dimension-level values was assessed using analysis of covariance with adjustment for age; tests for trend (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001) were conducted by including nocturia in four categories (zero, one, two, or three or more voids per night) as a linear term in the model. European Urology 2010 57, 488-498DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.080) Copyright © 2009 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions