SOL Review Life Science

Semester 1 Lab Equipment Scientific Method Cell Theory Cell Parts Cell Processes Cell reproduction Genetics Evolution

Semester 2 Classification Ecology Symbiosis Food Webs and Chains Cycles of Nature- water, carbon, nitrogen Biomes Ecological Succession

The Scientific Method Independent Variable: IV-The variable that you control. Think of it as causing the dependent variable Dependent Variable: DV- The result of the IV. This is the measurable variable. Think of it as the effect of the cause. Control: This is your comparison group in the experiment. This group does not contain the variable. Constant: All factors that are held the same in the experiment. You can only test one variable at a time all others must remain constant to get valid results.

The Scientific Method State the Problem Research Form a Hypothesis Experiment Analyze your data Conclusion Hypothesis should always be written in an IF/THEN statement Several trials should be conducted for accurate results

The Scientific Method Lisa and Susie wanted to find out if the color of water had any effect on the growth of roses. They set up 4 planting pots. They filled each pot with 6 cups of potting soil and planted 3 white roses in each pot. They labeled their planting pots A, B, C, and D. Each plant was given 2 tablespoons of fertilizer. Each plant also receives the same amount of daily sunlight. On Wednesday’s Lisa and Susie watered each of their plants with 2 cups of water. Plant A receives 2 cups plain water, plant B receives 2 cups of blue water, plant C receives 2 cups of red water, and plant D receives 2 cups of green water. Lisa and Susie made their measurements of plant growth weekly for 6 weeks. They determined that the color of water has no effect on plant growth.   What is the IV in this experiment?   What is the DV in this experiment?   What is the control group in this experiment?   Name 3 constants in the experiment. How many variables should be tested at a time?

Levels of organization for organisms Cell: Basic unit of life Tissues: groups of similar cells Organs: groups of different tissues Organ Systems: organs working together Organism: Systems working together. Can live on it’s own

Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and Animal Cell Differences

TYPES OF CELLS PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Cells that do not have a defined nucleus and membrane bound structures All Bacteria (Arachaebacteria) (Eubacteria) Cells that do have a defined nucleus and membrane bound structures Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Cell Parts Key Words Nucleus – Brain of the Cell Mitochondria – Powerhouse/Makes Energy Ribosome – make protein Endoplasmic reticulum-Transports protein Lysosome – Digest Vacuole – storage/Vacuum Cytoplasm- Cell gel Golgi Body-packages protein Cell Membrane-semi permeable covering of animal cells

Cell Discoveries 1665 Robert Hooke – Looked at cork under the microscope. First person to use the word Cell. 1700’s Anton van Leeuwenvenhoek: A Dutch microbiologist. Improved many microscopes. Looked at pond water under the microscope and called what he saw animalcules. We now call these organisms unicellular organisms.

Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow The Cell Theory Contributions of three German Scientists in the 1800’s created the three parts to the Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow

Cell Theory Statements

Cell Theory Scientists Summary

Microscope Parts

Microscopes

Cell Processes Osmosis: The Diffusion of water Diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Active Transport: Moving particles across the membrane from areas of lower to higher. This requires energy. Passive Transport: Does not require energy

Cell Process Diagrams

PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process by which plants use the suns energy to make food. (glucose) Plants only 6CO2+6H2O+sunlight C6H12O6+O2 Reactants Carbon Dioxide and water Products Glucose and Oxygen Takes place in the chloroplasts of the plant cells

Respiration The break down of glucose with the use of oxygen to make energy. Animals and Plants can go through respiration C6H12O6+O2 CO2+H2O+ATP Reactants are Glucose and Oxygen Products are Carbon Dioxide, water and Energy Takes place in the mitochondria of animal cells

Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Division of Body Cells (somatic) Division of sex cells (gametes) 2 daughter cells produces 4 daughter cells produced Same number of chromosomes Half the number of chromosomes Diploid number Haploid number 4 stages 8 stages

Cell Cycle for Mitosis Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis “I prefer meeting at taco city”

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Rosalind Franklin Watson and Crick