Judith Butler: “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution”

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Judith Butler: “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution” Kelsey Helveston

Judith Butler Professor of Comparative Literature and Rhetoric at UC Berkeley since 1993 Philosophy, Feminist Theory, Gender Theory, Queer Theory Focuses on power, gender, sexuality, identity Best Known for: Gender Trouble (1990) Bodies That Matter (1993) Major influence in academia and political activism1

Let’s Talk About Binaries We are taught that… Opposites, but not always equal opposites Reinforce hierarchy and power structures Can’t have one without the other Butler… Definitions of binaries change over time and by culture Not opposites Continuum2

1988: “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution” Gender is performative Through performative acts, we become Gender is separate from biological sex Gender is not natural; it is socially constructed But we think it’s natural because of gender norms Gender varies by time period and culture Gender categories and oppression Binaries: heterosexual v. homosexual Gender performativeness is not gender expression Gender is something you do, not something you are.3

1990: “Imitation and Gender Insubordination” Sexuality on a continuum (Foucault) Totalization of “I” Gender categories Gender is performative No one is 100% anything Gender is not biological or natural Gender definitions vary by time period and culture Binaries: heterosexual v. homosexual4

Butler Explains “Performing” v. “Performative”5

Gender Categories Not just male/female “Queer” category Cisgender v. non-conforming Think LGBTQ+ Whole community advocating for acknowledgment Social media Protests Non-discriminatory laws Gender-neutral pronouns6

NYC Human Rights Law Issued in December 2015 Specifically in NYC Not news until spring 2016 Specifically in NYC Can’t discriminate on the basis of gender identity or expression Released list of 31 gender identities Encourages use of preferred pronouns7

Works Cited Theory.org.uk. "Judith Butler." Theory.org.uk. Theory.org.uk, n.d. Web. 31 Jul. 2016. <http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-butl.htm>. Vetter, Lara. “Gender and Sexuality.” UNC Charlotte. Charlotte, NC. 30 Mar. 2016. Class discussion. Butler, Judith. "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory." Theatre Journal 40.4 (Dec. 1988): pp. 519-531. Web. 31 Jul. 2016. Butler, Judith. “Imitation and Gender Insubordination.” The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. Eds. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin. New York: Routledge, 1993. 307-320. Web. 31 Jul. 2016. Big Think. “Judith Butler: Your Behavior Creates Your Gender.” Online video. YouTube. YouTube, 6 Jun. 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2016. Neverfearqueerishere. “Neverfearqueerishere.” Instagram. Instagram, 2016. Web. 31 Jul. 2016. Hasson, Peter. "New York City Lets You Choose From 31 Different Gender Identities." The Daily Caller. The Daily Caller, 24 May 2016. Web. 01 Aug. 2016. NYC Commission on Human Rights. "Gender ID Card." (n.d.): n. pag. Nyc.gov. NYC Commission on Human Rights. Web. 31 July 2016. <http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/downloads/pdf/publications/GenderID_Card2015.pdf>.