Friday, April 7, 2017 Materials: Journal, Cattle Drive Journal, Data Sheet, Rubric Jump Start: Your long trail ride has come to an end and it’s time to start the next adventure! Will you Re-Up next year or was one cattle drive experience enough for you? Cattle Drive Journals are due now! Come in and have a seat. Be ready to begin class by the tardy bell.

What conclusion or connection can be drawn from the photos presented? Beef Bonanza Refrigerated Rail Cars What conclusion or connection can be drawn from the photos presented? Transcontinental Railroad Line Barbed Wire Fence Barbed Wire Fence

Refrigerated rail cars and ships were developed in late 1800s Refrigerated rail cars and ships were developed in late 1800s. These developments meant that Texas could develop its own meatpacking industry. The live animals no longer needed to be shipped to northern cities. Transcontinental Railroad Line-an expansion of railroad lines to the south. Barbed Wire Fence Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions. Barbed wire was the first wire technology capable of restraining cattle. Wire fences were cheaper and easier to hold up than their alternatives. Beef Bonanza- Over supply of beef became a Beef Bust.

Difficulties For Farmers Despite their efforts, not all farmers succeeded at growing a mass amount of crops. Some settlers were unfamiliar with Texas’s climates and lands. Their farms failed because they planted the wrong crops or managed them poorly. Other farmers suffered from natural disasters. In the late 1800s, long droughts destroyed crops. The practice of dry farming slowly spread throughout the newly settled frontier lands. Dry farming methods relied on making the most of limited rainfall. It began with deep plowing, which left a loose layer of soil on top of the ground that would help to reduce rainwater runoff and keep soil moist. For dry farming to succeed, farmers also had to choose appropriate crops. Two such crops were wheat and sorghum; sorghum was used as livestock feed. Cotton also grew well using dry farming methods. Also Crop Rotation Fallow Farming- land that is plowed and tilled but left unseeded during a growing season.

War between ranchers and farmers? Fence cutting becomes major crime.  In 1885, renewed outbreaks of Texas fever caused Kansas and other states to quarantine Texas herds

Development of West Texas resulting from the close of the frontier Column 1 Expansion of the railroad Cattle ranching becomes a business, rather than a way of life Growth of large ranches Inventions – barbwire and windmill Sheep ranching increased Improvements in quality of beef Growth of population and towns in West Texas Use of barbed wire to fence land Column 2 Farmers moved west. New methods of farming – dry farming, irrigation, and terraces Increase of sharecropping and tenant farming, which resulted in many people in deep debt Tenant Farming – farmers who rented land on which to grow crops Sharecropping – farmers who rented land, tools, seeds, and/or houses and promised part of their crop as payment Column 3 Range wars – farmers and ranchers battled between each other. They cut and destroyed fences and burned pasture land resulting in gunfights and lower property values. Legislation – fence cutting became a felony

Development of West Texas resulting from the close of the frontier Economic impact Expansion of the railroad Cattle ranching becomes a business, rather than a way of life Growth of large ranches Inventions – barbwire and windmill Sheep ranching increased Improvements in quality of beef Growth of population and towns in West Texas Use of barbed wire to fence land Social impact Farmers moved west. New methods of farming – dry farming, irrigation, and terraces Increase of sharecropping and tenant farming, which resulted in many people in deep debt Tenant Farming – farmers who rented land on which to grow crops Sharecropping – farmers who rented land, tools, seeds, and/or houses and promised part of their crop as payment Political impact Range wars – farmers and ranchers battled between each other. They cut and destroyed fences and burned pasture land resulting in gunfights and lower property values. Legislation – fence cutting became a felony