Bell Work #7 What is the difference between: Nationality Ethnicity Race How would you define your own nationality, ethnicity and race? Objective: Discuss the differences between race, ethnicity and nationality. Analyze the effects of countries with great ethnic diversity.

Ethnicities and Nationalities in the British Isles 4 principal ethnicities English (descendants of Germanic tribes) Welsh (Celtic people) Scots (Celtic people) Irish (Celtic people) 2 nationalities British (Great Britain/Northern Island) Irish (Republic of Ireland)

Nationalism Politicians and governments try to instill loyalty through nationalism Loyalty and devotion to a nationality, promotes of sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others Ways to show nationalism? Positive impacts of nationalism? Negative impacts of nationalism? Example of a centripetal force – attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for the state

Conflicts Conflict can happen when: There are several ethnicities within one nation Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (United States??) Ethnic groups are split between several nations India/Pakistan, the Kurds

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Lebanon (Maronite Christians (Phoenicians), Shiite Muslims, Sunni Muslims, Druze (Arabs) Concentrated in different areas of the very small country Civil war between 1975 and 1990, End of war – each religion given half of Parliament seats Sri Lanka (Sinhalese, Tamils, Moors) War between Sinhalese and Tamils (1983-2009) Sinhalese dominated government, Tamils feel they suffer discrimination Tamils defeated in 2009, feel their defeat jeopardizes their ethnic identity Iraq (Arabs – both Sunni and Shiite Muslims, Kurds) - Live in different areas U.S. invaded and removed Saddam Hussein from power, became involved in a violent struggle among ethnic groups Kurds supported U.S., Sunni and Shiite Muslims opposed but for different reasons Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan

Ethnic Diversity in Various Countries Iran (Persian, Azeri, Baluchi) Persians – Shiite Muslims Afghanistan (Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara) Current unrest dates from 1979 – rebellion by several ethnic groups against the government which was being defended by the Soviet Union Soviet Union withdrew in 1989, Soviet installed government fell in 1992 Faction of Pashtun (Taliban) gained control, imposed strict laws Pakistan (Punjabi, Baluchi, Pashtun) Punjabi – most numerous ethnicity since ancient times Punjabi converted to Islam Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban forced Pakistanis to leave their homes and move into camps

Ethnic groups divided among nationalities Kurds – Sunni Muslims, distinctive literature, dress and other cultural traditions Divided among several countries in western Asia (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and others) European Allies of WWI created an independent state of Kurdistan but Turks expanded territory under their control before treaty was ratified Kurdistan became part of Turkey and disappeared as an independent state Kurdish culture repeatedly suppressed, use of Kurdish language made illegal Many unsuccessful attempts at independence – an ethnicity with no corresponding Kurdish state – stateless nation

Ethnicities in the Caucasus The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Ethnic groups divided among nationalities End of British colonial rule divided Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan (2 separate areas) East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971 Pakistan – Muslim, India – Hindu Massive migrations because boundaries did not correspond precisely with territory inhabited by the 2 groups – led to killings by extremists Region of Kashmir is disputed between Pakistan and India, 2 sides have maintained a “line of control” Sikhs also fighting for independent state in India

Vice Episode As you watch the episode over the dispute of the Kashmir region between India and Pakistan, describe how the following issues outside of ethnicity and religion play a role in the conflict: Presence of nuclear weapons Fighting between Pakistan’s army and supporters of the Taliban Sustainability of resources such as water