AP World History Unit 6 1900-present

Advances in science Assisted by development of new technology Spread throughout the world Problem of geographic distance virtually eliminated by new modes of communication and transportation

Advances in science The Green Revolution Produced food for earth’s growing population Spread chemically, genetically enhanced forms of agriculture

Advances in science Medical innovations increased the ability of humans to survive. Polio Vaccine,  Antibiotics  Artificial heart 

Advances in science Energy technologies increased production of material goods. Oil Nuclear power

Humans and the environment Global population expanded at unprecedented rate Humans fundamentally changed relationship with environment. Human activity contributed to Deforestation Desertification, Increased consumption of fresh water and clean air Humans competed over resources more intensely than ever Greenhouse gases, other pollutants contributed to debates about nature, causes of climate change

Disease, Science and Demographic shifts Diseases associated with poverty persisted Malaria Cholera,  Tuberculosis  Other epidemics emerged as threats to human survival 1918 Flu  HIV/AIDS  Ebola

Disease, Science and Demographic shifts Changing lifestyles, increased longevity led to higher incidence of certain diseases Diabetes Heart Disease Alzheimer's Disease More effective birth control  Gave women greater control over fertility Transformed sexual practices

Disease, Science and Demographic shifts Improved military technology Tanks Airplanes Atomic Bombs  New tactics Trench Warfare Firebombing Increased levels of wartime casualties Nanjing Dresden Hiroshima

The Global political order Dominated by Europe at beginning of 20th Century Both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way New forms of transregional political organization began by end of century

The Global political order Older land-based empires (Ottoman, Russian, Qing) collapsed due to several factors Internal: Economic hardship, political and social discontent, technological stagnation External: Military defeat Sun Yat-Sen became leader of China after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty

The Global political order Some colonies negotiated indepen dence India and Gold Coast/Ghana from British Empire  Some colonies achieved independence through armed struggle  Algeria and Vietnam from France,  Angola from Portuguese Empire).

Anti-Imperialism Ideologies Contributed to dissolution of empires, restructuring of states Nationalist leaders in Asia, Africa challenged imperial rule Mohandas Gandhi (India) Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)

Anti-Imperialism Ideologies Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule, inherited imperial boundaries Muhammad Ali Jinnah Quebecois separatist movement Biafra secessionist Movement

Anti-Imperialism Ideologies Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries Communism  Pan-africanism Pan-arabism Land redistribution movements developed in Africa, Asia, Latin America Some advocated communism, socialism

Consequences of political change Populations resettled due to redrawing of old colonial boundaries Division of middle east into Mandates India/Pakistan Partition  Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine 

Consequences of political change Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial centers led to continued ties after dissolution of empires South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the United States

Consequences of political change Conflicts led to ethnic violence Armenia Holocaust  Cambodia Rwanda  Displacement of peoples resulted in refugee populations Palestinians  Darfurians

“Total War” World War I and World War II were first “total wars.” Mobilization of ALL of a state’s resources for war Used peoples in home countries and colonies (or former colonies) Military conscription Gurkha soldiers from Nepal  ANZAC troops from Australia

Global Military Conflicts After WWII, U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers Center of global ideological struggles between capitalism and communism The “Cold War” resulted in: New military alliances – NATO (U.S. and allies) and the Warsaw Pact (Soviets and allies) Proxy wars - Latin America, Africa, Asia

Individuals and Groups Some promoted alternatives to Cold War Ho Chi Minh  Mao Zedong Non-aligned movement Some opposed existing economic, political, and social orders Anti-apartheid movement - South Africa Global uprisings of 1968 - capitalist and socialist countries Tiananmen Square protesters – China

Individuals and Groups States responded to the proliferation of conflicts “Military Industrial Complex,” weapons trading Military dictatorships in Spain, Uganda U.S. “New World Order” after Cold War Movements used violence against civilians to achieve aims Irish Republican Army (IRA)  ETA (Basque separatist group) Al Qaeda

Responses to economic challenges Communist states controlled the national economies Soviet Union – Five Year Plans China – Great Leap Forward Governments in U.S., Europe played minimal role in economies Took more active role during Great Depression New Deal Fascist Corporate Economy (State-managed national corporations)

Responses to economic challenges After WWII, newly independent states promoted development Nasser – Egypt Export-oriented economies – East Asia During Cold War, governments promoted economic liberalization (free market economy) U.S. – Reagan Great Britain – Thatcher China – Deng Xiaoping Chile - Pinochet

Global interdependence New international governing organizations formed to maintain world peace League of Nations United Nations International Criminal Court

Global interdependence Changing economic institutions and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of free market-economies Economic Institutions International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank World Trade Organization (WTO) Multinational Corporations Regional Trade Agreements European Union NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Mercosur (Mercado Común del Sur – Southern Common Market)

Global interdependence Movements protested environmental, economic consequences of global integration Greenpeace Green Belt Movement (Kenya) Earth Day

Race, Class, Gender, Religion People began to think differently about society, culture Discussions of rights challenged old assumptions UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights Children, women, refugees Global Feminism movements Negritude (French African literary) movement Liberation theology (Latin America) Islamic Renewal movements (Egypt, Saudi Arabia)

Race, Class, Gender, Religion Education, politics, professions became more inclusive Suffrage granted to women US (1920) Brazil (1932) Turkey (1934) Japan (1945) India (1947) Morocco (1963)

Race, Class, Gender, Religion Increase in female literacy rates, numbers of women in higher education U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964/ Voting Rights Act of 1965 End of apartheid in South Africa India’s 1949 constitution prohibits caste-based discrimination

Popular and consumer culture Became global (thanks to instant communication) Reggae Bollywood World cup soccer Olympics