Advanced Web Searching for Teacher-Librarians Paul Barron pbbarron@gmail.com and paul@duckduckgo.com All Right Reserved. This presentation may be copied and distributed for nonprofit educational purposes only. Revised and Sites Checked October 2016

Presentation Objectives Review search syntaxes to search for: Terms on a webpage Boolean operators – AND and OR Terms in a specific location on a Web document Title of the webpage Webpages from a source Only one Top Level Domain (TLD) VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 2 2

Presentation Objectives Webpages from a source (continued) Find results from only k12.va.us school divisions Limit results to a single site; for example, ERIC Use Google Search Tools “By time” option to limit results to a time period Reduces the number of results returned Review use of “double quotation marks” to search for: Multiple search terms as phrases Exact match of only one search term VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 3 3

Use of “Double Quotation Marks” Google expanded the capabilities of the quotation marks (“ ”) operator. Use double quotation marks on: two or more terms (“ ”) to search for an exact phrase, single terms to force Google to match a single term exactly without synonyms VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Keyword Search VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Phrase Search VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Your turn to search! Query # of Results reading literacy reading AND literacy “reading literacy” VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Boolean Operators Using the Boolean operators AND or OR, add more search terms to further describe your topic. Boolean operators are entered into the query in UPPER CASE. If the OR operator is entered in lower case, Google ignores it. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 8

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course AND Boolean Operator AND – Both of the search terms are present in the Web documents. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 9 9

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course AND Boolean Operator The phrase “reading instructional strategies” and “elementary school” shall be returned in the search results. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

AND Boolean Operator Results Note that all of the search terms were returned in the results. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Your turn to search! If you are a middle or high school librarian, substitute “middle school” or “high school” in the query. Query # of Results “elementary school” AND booklist “elementary school” AND booklist AND fiction “elementary school” AND booklist AND fiction AND “read aloud” VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course OR Boolean Operator OR – At least one of the search terms is present in the webpage document. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 13 13

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course OR Boolean Operator “reading instruction” AND "lesson plans" OR "curriculum guides" AND "middle school" Both may appear but at least one of the search phases, "lesson plans" or "curriculum guides" must appear in the search results. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

OR Boolean Operator Results Note that at least one of the search phrases appears in the results and both phrases are in the 2nd result. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Your turn to search! If you are a elementary or high school librarian, substitute “middle school” or “high school” in the query. Query # of Results "middle school" AND "book recommendations" OR booklists "middle school" AND "book recommendations" OR booklists AND fiction OR non-fiction "middle school" AND "book recommendations" OR booklists AND fiction OR non-fiction AND boys OR males VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Title Field Search Syntax – intitle:(search terms) Title Field Search (intitle:) – Returns results with the keyword or phrase in the webpage title. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 17

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Search Results NOTE The phrase library instruction appears in the title of the results. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 18

Let’s do a title field search! Query # of Results intitle:booklist AND "middle school" AND nonfiction intitle:“read aloud” AND "book recommendations" AND "elementary school" VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Why are intitle: searches important? Title tags define the document. The title of a webpage is one of the most important “on-page” factors considered by Google when ranking a webpage. : VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Top Level Domain-Limited Search Top Level Domain-limited Search – Returns results from the top level domain specified in the query; for example, .edu, .gov, or .org. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 21 21

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course .org Search Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Let’s do a TLD-Limited Search! Query # of Results intitle:“read aloud” AND strategies AND "best practices" AND site:edu “read aloud” AND strategies AND "best practices" AND site:edu intitle:“read aloud” AND strategies AND "best practices" AND site:org “read aloud” AND strategies AND "best practices" AND site:org VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Top Level Domains (TLDs) Purpose .com Commercial .edu Educational .gov Government .mil Military .net Network .org Organization .us United States The are more than 800 top level domains; to see a list go to: http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 24 24 24 24

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course k-12.va.us Limited Search Syntax – site:k12.va.us VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

k-12.va.us Limited Search Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Let’s do a TLD-Limited Search! Query # of Results "graphic novels" AND reading AND motivation AND boys AND site:k12.va.us "read aloud" AND recommendations AND site:k12.va.us "reading literacy" AND skills AND games AND site:k12.va.us VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Searching ERIC with Google www.eric.ed.gov Type of search query – Site-limited search of one website. Restricts the results to only ERIC.ed.gov content Syntax – site:eric.ed.gov VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

ERIC Site-Limited Boolean AND Search All results will be from the ERIC website. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

ERIC Site-Limited Results NOTE The 91 search results are from the ERIC database of educational research articles and the 2nd result is a full-text PDF; the 1st and 3rd results are only abstracts. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course What have we learned? Limit searches to a Top Level Domain Why? That domain may be concerned with your topic. Specific Sites k12.va.us Only one website Why? The site may be developed by topic specialists. Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLD) Countries – Is the issue of concern worldwide? Search Expert VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 31

Recommendation for Searching Begin with a title field search - intitle: “your topic” Add Boolean expressions – AND or OR descriptors Limit the results to a top level domain or country with site: Associations or Organizations - .org Educational Institutions - .edu U.S. Government - .gov Specific website. site:k12.va.us VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 32 32 32

Reducing the Number of Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Reducing the Number of Results How many results are there in the “Past year”? To display the number of results in the “Past year” Select Search tools VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

To Return to the First Results Page Select “Search tools” followed by “Clear” to return to the first results page. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Searching ERIC with Google www.eric.ed.gov Type of search query – Site-limited search of one website. Restricts the results to only ERIC.ed.gov content Syntax – site:eric.ed.gov VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

ERIC Site-Limited Boolean AND Search All results will be from the ERIC website. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

ERIC Site-Limited Results NOTE The 91 search results are from the ERIC database of educational research articles and the 2nd result is a full-text PDF; the 1st and 3rd results are only abstracts. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

The PDF Filetype-Limited Search A fairly good guarantee that the ERIC document will be full text. "graphic novels" AND motivation AND boys AND site:eric.ed.gov AND filetype:pdf VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course PDF Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

ERIC Site-Limited Title Search VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course ERIC Abstract The dissertation is not available in full-text. The Direct link links out to Proquest where you can buy the di$$ertation. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Let’s try to find it for free! Enter the title of the dissertation, with or without quotations marks, into the search query box. Look for the university website address in the results and select that result. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Dissertation Abstract with Link to Full-Text VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Another Option: The Site-Limited Search VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Search Query and Results The author, dissertation title and university Web address. Starkey, Alysia AND Kansas Academic Librarian Perceptions of Information Literacy Professional Development Needs AND site:ksu.edu VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Dissertation (@ No Cost!) VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Searching Other Countries with Google Country-code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) A ccTLD is a unique two letter string assigned to a country or other geographical area to identify it in a webpage address. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Limiting Results to Another Country Syntax – site:(ccTLD) "john locke" AND "thomas jefferson" AND "declaration of independence" AND site:uk VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course .uk ccTLD Results The sequence .ac (short for academia) is used in many countries for academic institutions. In the United Kingdom academic institutions use domain names ending in .ac.uk.  VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

What is the ERIC Thesaurus? The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, or the ERIC Thesaurus, are words and phrases that describe ERIC documents by subject. Each term represents a subject covered by ERIC. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Searching the Thesaurus for “Reading” VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Eric’s 57 Thesaurus Terms for “Reading” VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Related Terms “Related Terms” are other terms in the Thesaurus that may be associated with the subject represented by the Descriptor and may be useful in selecting search terms. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Scope Note The “Scope Note” is a description of how the concept is defined within the ERIC literature. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Search Query Heuristics The first words in the search query are terms in the title of the webpage. Google syntax – intitle: Search terms of more than one word are enclosed within “double quotation” marks to search for them as a phrase. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 56

We have learned to find … Search terms on a webpage with: Keywords Phrases Boolean Expressions Search terms in a specific location in the structure of the webpage: Title of the webpage Webpage address (URL) – similar to a descriptor or subject heading I’m a top 1%ers! VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 57 57 57

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course URL-limited Searches URL Field Search (inurl:) – Returns results with the terms in the webpage address. Terms in the webpage address may function like a descriptor of the webpage content. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 58

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course inurl Search Results NOTE All the results have k12 in the url and the phrases middle school and library instruction in the snippets. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Your turn to search! Query # of Results inurl:k12 AND "graphic novel" inurl:k12 AND "graphic novel" AND "middle school" AND motivating inurl:k12 AND "graphic novel" AND "middle school" AND motivating AND boys Can you identify the states from the webpage addresses? VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

inurl: Search for Keywords/Phrases Research by Microsoft determined that words in the URL may better describe the content of the webpage that the title of the webpage. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Excluding a Term or Site in Search Results Google does not support the NOT operator;  the minus sign "-" before a term gives the same functionality.  VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Excluding a Website from the Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Excluding a Website from the Results best AND comics AND "graphic novels" AND children -site:amazon.com NOTE The number of results decreased by 1.7 million with the exclusion of www.amazon.com VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Top Level Domain-Limited Search Top Level Domain-limited Search – Returns results from the top level domain specified in the query VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 65 65

.org Domain-Limited Search Results NOTE All the results are from .org sites and library instruction is in the snippet title and lesson plans is in the text of the snippet. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 66 66

.int Domain-Limited Search "information literacy" AND women OR girls AND students AND site:int This query returns results from the International Treaty Organizations top level domain. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 67

.int Domain-Limited Search Results NOTE All the results are from .int sites. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 68

The top level domain-limited search … … is useful because results are returned from the specified top level domain; for example, the International Treaty Organizations (.int) top level domain, that would not be returned for a query not limited to that domain. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 69

k12.va.us Site-Limited Query k12.va.us-limited Search - Restricts the results to only Virginia DOE webpages or Virginia school divisions with k12 in their webpage URL. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 70 70 70

k12.va.us-limited Search Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 71 71 71

A Very Useful Site-limited Search "teacher resources" AND “elementary school" AND site:rockingham.k12.va.us "teacher resources" AND “middle school" AND site:rockingham.k12.va.us "teacher resources" AND "high school" AND site:rockingham.k12.va.us VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 72

Country Code-Limited Search Query intitle:"cyber bullying" AND "middle school students" AND site:uk Country Code-limited Search - Restricts the results to a country code; for example, China (.cn), Germany (.de), Spain (.es) or the United Kingdom (.uk). VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 73 73 73

.uk Country Code Search Results NOTE All the results are from the United Kingdom (uk). Also note that .ac. precede the UK ccTLD. QUESTION What does .ac. signify in the URL? VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 74

Searching with the Google.UK https://www.google.co.uk/ intitle:“american studies” AND “comparative history” AND site:.ac.uk VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 75

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course .ac.uk-limited Search VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 76

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Country Codes Source http://tinyurl.com/8qauf VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 77 77 77

Google Search Worldwide Addresses https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_domains VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

PowerPoint Filetype-Limited Query Filetype-limited Search - Limits the results to a specific filetype; for example, PowerPoint (ppt), Word (doc), Excel (xls) or PDF (pdf). VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 79

PowerPoint Filetype-limited Search Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 80 80 80

PDF Filetype-Limited Query "reading strategies" AND boys AND "middle school" AND journal AND filetype:pdf "reading strategies" AND boys AND "middle school" AND journal AND filetype:pdf Why should I do PDF filetype-limited searches? By adding the keyword “journal” to the query and limiting the results to a PDF, full-text journal article will most likely be returned. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 81

PDF Filetype-Limited Query VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 82

PDF Filetype-Limited Query VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 83

“Cited by …” and “Related articles” Through its … "cited by" feature, Google Scholar provides access to abstracts of articles that have cited the article being viewed. "Related articles" feature, Google Scholar presents a list of related articles, ranked by how similar these articles are to the original result, but also taking into account the relevance of each paper. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course “Cited by” Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course The Cited Resource This is a 218-page report on effective programs for struggling readers. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Best Evidence Encyclopedia http://www.bestevidence.org VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course “Related articles” VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course inurl: Search The inurl: search restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the URL (webpage address). Terms in the URL may function as a descriptor or subject heading of the content of the webpage. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Link Checking Syntax – link:(web address) Link Checking returns webpages linked to a website or a webpage. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Link Check Results to www.ala.org/aasl/research VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course Your turn to search! Query link:www.ala.org/aasl/research link:www.ala.org/aasl/research AND “reading strategies” AND “teacher librarian” link:www.ala.org/aasl/research AND “reading strategies” AND “elementary school” AND "teacher librarian" link:www.ala.org/aasl/research AND "reading strategies" AND "elementary school“ AND "teacher librarian“ AND site:edu VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Pinterest Site-Limited Search The site-limited search returns results from only one site included in the query. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Pinterest Search Results VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Why should I do site searches? Quicker way to navigate a website Searcher can use Google syntaxes to define precisely the information need Boolean AND/OR intitle: syntax filetype:ppt and/or filetype:pdf VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Your turn to do site searches! Query # of Results "reading research" AND site:http://www.ala.org/aasl intitle:"read aloud books" AND "book list“ AND “middle school” AND site:pinterest.com intitle:“graphic novel" AND "book list“ AND “middle school boys” AND site:pinterest.com VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Alternatives to Google Search Engine Address Remarks www.bing.com Bing provides results to YAHOO! www.duckduckgo.com Creator wants recommendations from educators E-mail Gabriel Weinberg - yegg@duckduckgo.com or go to http://duckduckgo.com/feedback.html www.exalead.com/search Proximity Operator VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 97 97 97 97 97

Query Syntax Help Sources Title URL http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff795620.aspx http://tinyurl.com/23xy4cm See Syntax at https://duck.co/help/results/syntax http://www.exalead.com/search/web/search-syntax/ http://tinyurl.com/4k3uzu7 https://sites.google.com/site/gwebsearcheducation/advanced-operators http://tinyurl.com/6676abd VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 98 98 98 98

Google Shows Missing Keywords If you use a long query, Google might ignore some of your keywords. Maybe there aren't many results that match all your keywords or maybe some of them are redundant. Google now shows a list of missing keywords below search results. Those words aren't included by the pages returned by Google, but the search results should still be relevant and useful. http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2013/12/google-shows-missing-keywords.html VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

Why don’t all my search terms appear in the results. Google will find all the search terms but if the top results have only some of the search term only those results, with the missing search terms, will be displayed. Look at other results; for example, the 20th or later results, your keywords may be returned. VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course

About Syntax Spacing Spaces No space No space Remember Boolean Operators are entered in UPPER CASE. Spaces VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 101

VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course What have we learned? Limit searches to a Top Level Domain Why? That domain may be concerned with your topic. Specific Sites k12.va.us Only one website Why? The site may be developed by topic specialists. Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLD) Countries – Is the issue of concern worldwide? Search Expert VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 102

Recommendation for Searching Begin with a title field search - intitle: “your topic” Add Boolean expressions – AND or OR descriptors Limit the results to a top level domain or country with site: Associations or Organizations - .org Educational Institutions - .edu U.S. Government - .gov Specific website. site:k12.va.us VAASL 2016 Annual Conference – Libraries: Charting the Course 103 103 103