The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam 7 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam

Chapter Overview Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam The Arab Empire of the Umayyads From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era

Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Bedouins Camel herding Agriculture

Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance Clans Grouped into tribes Shayks Leaders Free warriors Rivalry

Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Towns and Long-Distance Trade Entrepots Mecca Umayyad clan, Quraysh tribe Ka'ba Medina

Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Marriage and Family in Pre-Islamic Arabia Women have important roles Bride-price Not secluded or veiled Polygyny, polyandry Status of women often dependent on individual clans Stable family life leads to patriarchy

Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World Poets and Neglected Gods Poetry transmitted orally Animism, polytheism Including, but seldom prayed to, Allah Unclear how seriously bedouins took religion

The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Sasanian empire ruled Persia Muhammad Banu Hasim clan Orphaned Mecca Khadijah Revelations, 610 Via Gabriel Qur'an

The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Persecution, Flight, and Victory Ka'ba gods threatened Invited to Medina, 622 Courage of Ali Hijra Return to Mecca, 629 Arabs and Islam Umma, community of the faithful Zakat, a tax for charity

The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam Universal Elements in Islam Validity of earlier divine revelations 5 Pillars Acceptance of one God, Allah and Prophet Muhammad Prayer Fasting during Ramadan Payment of zakat Hajj

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Consolidation and Division in the Islamic Community Muhammad's death, 632 Succession struggle Abu Bakr Ridda Wars

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Motives for Arab Conquests Conversions Jihads Booty Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Sassanian Empire Zoroastrianism Dynasty ended, 651

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires Byzantium Copts and Nestorians Alexandria taken Loss of provinces in Syria and Egypt

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Uthman 3rd caliph Murdered Ali Rejected by Umayyads Battle of Siffin, 657 Loses support

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Ali Assassinated, 661 Son, Hasan, renounces caliphate Son, Husayn Killed, Karbala, 680

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Problem of Succession and the Sunni-Shi'a Split Mu'awiya Caliph, 660, leader of Umayyads Sunni – Umayyads Shi'a – Ali's descendants Karbala Site of death of Husayn, son of Ali

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads The Umayyad Imperium Push west Stopped at Poitiers, 732 Retain Iberia Damascus in Syria made capital of Umayyad caliphate Mecca still holy city of Islam

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Converts and "People of the Book" Malawi, converts Still had to pay property taxes Jizya Dhimmi, people of the book Jews, Christians Later, Zoroastrians and Hindus

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Family and Gender Roles in the Umayyad Age Islamic ideas prevail at first Bride-price given directly to wife Hadiths Traditions of Muhammad recorded mostly by women Women pursue scholarship, law, and commerce; not many veils at this time.

The Arab Empire of the Umayyads Umayyad Decline and Fall Revolts Merv Abassid revolt 750, Umayyads defeated by Abassids Battle of the River Zab

Civilization and Gender Relationships Pre-Islamic bedouin women had valued roles in society. Islam limitations Veiling in public Remaining privileges through Islam Learning to read (Qur'an) Inheritance, divorce, remarriage rights Civilization works against the interests of women.

From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era Sunni repress Shi'a Baghdad New capital Wazir Islamic Conversion and Mawali Acceptance Full integration of converts Mostly peaceful Appeal of Islam

From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era Town and Country: Commercial Boom and Agrarian Expansion Dhows Sailing vessels Trade ventures with Christians and Jews Different Sabbaths; business all week Urban expansion Ayan

From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abassid Era The First Flowering of Islamic Learning Building Mosques, palaces Scholars recovered and preserved works from Greeks