CHAPTER 18 THE AGE OF CITIES

Population Growth 1860 31,443,321 1880 50,155,783 1900 75,994,575 1920 105,710,620

Growth of Cities 1860-1900 New York 1 to 3 million Chicago 100,000 to 1 million

1920 First time a majority of Americans (51.2%) live in urban areas (2500 or more)

Why Growth? *Migration movement from rural areas to the cities

Young women: Southern Blacks: Larger farms & commercial farms mean less farm family and less chance for marriage Southern Blacks: Start of movement to the North

What is the lure? *convenience *entertainment *culture *better paying jobs

*Immigration 1860-1890 10 million 1890-1920 18 million

2nd great shift in immigration Southern and Eastern Europe They were: Uneducated Poor Unskilled

Ellis Island

Groups tend to settle together in the same geographic location

Little Italy

                                                                                                           

As larger groups get established, they turn their numbers into political power

John Francis Fitzgerald “Honey Fitz”

Reactions Deny entry to undesirables: Convicts Paupers Mentally ill 50¢ Tax per person

PROBLEMS IN THE CITIES

Housing

Lack of Transportation

Congestion of the City causes: Disease

Chicago Fire - 1871

Greatest problem: POVERTY

POLITICAL MACHINES & THE BOSS

How Machines work *Help people out *Reward supporters *Power of immigrant vote *Link with wealthy *Weakness of city government

Tweed Ring William Tweed

Tammany Hall

Thomas Nast

“Let us Prey”

“I don't care a straw for your newspaper articles; my constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures.” - Boss Tweed - November 1870

Society & Culture

Beginning of mass consumption and mass marketing White collar workers have money

Start of Department stores and ready made clothes

Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. A & P

Sears Building

Sports as Entertainment

Boston 1903 World Series

Dickinson College 1900

John L. Sullivan

Florenz Ziegfeld

Samuel Clemens Mark Twain

Stephen Crane

Upton Sinclair

Education Public HS 1860-100 1914-12,000 1900: 31 states have compulsory school attendance

Education for Women Land Grant Colleges begin to accept women

Women’s College set up: Vassar Wellesly Smith Bryn Mawr

Pragmatists: William James No idea valid unless it stood test of experience Applied to other areas: F.J. Turner

The Gilded Age The Gilded Age

"What is the chief end of man. --to get rich. In what way "What is the chief end of man?--to get rich. In what way?--dishonestly if we can; honestly if we must." -- Mark Twain-1871

Carnegie 5th Ave & 91st St

Mrs. Astor 6th Ave & 65th St

Vanderbilt Chateau 5th Ave & 52nd St

Summer Cottages Newport, R.I.

The Breakers

The Great Hall

Kitchen

Library

Belcourt Castle

The Elms

Marble House

Beechwood

                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                              

Fenway Court

Wedding of Helen Hay to Payne Whitney

‘The Girl on the Red Velvet Swing’ Evelyn Nesbit ‘The Girl on the Red Velvet Swing’

The Crime of the Century Stanford White The Crime of the Century