Current issues in sport History of Sport

Aim and Purpose This unit enables learners to explore the history of sport, the key issues in modern UK sport and the factors that prevent sport and exercise participation

Assignments Development and organisation of a selected sport in the UK (P1, M1) Know how media and technology influence modern sport (P2, P3, M2, M3) Know how contemporary issues affect sport (P4, M4, D1) Understand the cultural influences and barriers that affect participation in sports activities (P5, P6, P7, M5, D2)

Learning Outcomes To achieve a pass you must be able to describe the development of sport in the UK To achieve a merit you will be able explain the development of sport in the UK

Timeline Popular recreation Public schools Rational recreation State schools

What you need to learn? What is popular recreation? What are the characteristics of popular recreation? Examples of popular recreation The difference between upper and working class Why popular recreation declined?

Popular Recreation Popular recreation was recreation undertaken by the working class for fun during festival days because they had lots of free time

Why did popular recreation happen? Popular recreation was for the working class They had lots of free time due to low employment levels no compulsory schooling Lots of feast days and holy days where villages would hold celebrations, festivals and market days Wide expanses of rural ground to play on

Pre-Industrial Britain Limited transport Limited communication Class system – working class and upper class very different living conditions Widespread illiteracy Feast days and holy days Lots of free time

Examples of Popular Recreation? Swimming /bathing in rivers Running (athletics/pedestrianism) Fist fighting Hunting Cock fighting Bull fighting Mob football – probably the most popular and most well documented

Characteristics of Popular Recreation Few, non-strict rules No National Governing Bodies No space/time/kit/player restrictions Played irregularly (holidays & festivals) Played in rural areas Competition not organised Little skill involved

Characteristics of Popular Recreation mob games Mob games were mostly played by the lower classes on holydays and festivals Each town or village would have its own unique tradition (each village was different) of unwritten rules, and games were played according to custom Most of the population could not read or write, so a verbal tradition of how to play the games was used, and there was very little formal publicity about games - word of mouth arranged the games

Mob football Mob football (a pig’s bladder was kicked - mostly) is probably the most documented type of mob game - with variations hitting with sticks or carrying the bladder

Mob Football Today Shrovetide Mob Football Reconstructed at Ashbourne (Derbyshire) each year

Shrovetide The Game is played every Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday, and consists of two teams, one from anyone born to the North of the River Henmore, and one from people born South of the river, these are known as Up'ards and Down'ards The goals are on the sites of Old Cornmills, one being at Sturston, and one being at Clifton, these places being three miles apart! This may sound quite excessive in itself, but another hazard is the fact that the goal posts and a considerable amount of the game is in the cold waters of the River Henmore A goal is scored by a player striking the mill wheel three times with the ball, as the mills are now derelict new posts have been built in the river by the mills Before the game is played about 400 guests meet for lunch and speeches at the Green Man and Black's Head Royal Hotel, before the game commences at 2:00pm when the ball is "turned up" on the Shaw Croft Car Park Mob Football Today

The Two Goals The Clifton Goal The Sturston Goal

History of football quiz Which kit was NOT essential in 1872: Goalkeeper Jersey, Knickerbockers, a cap or a bobble hats? When a crossbar became essential in football, how was it represented? Which year we penalty kicks introduced? 1865, 1876, 1891 or 1901 Nearly 100 years after the introduction of football, something happened which was for the first time ever, what was it? What did referees use to stop play prior to whistles been introduced?

History of football quiz When was the pass back rule brought in? 1989, 1992, 1994 The forth official hasn’t always been a feature of football, when were they introduced? 1925, 1965, 1985, 1995 Which World Cup was the first to employ the yellow & red card rule? 1962, 1966, 1970 or 1974?

Answers GK Jersey String 1891 Substitution (1958) White hanky 1992 1995 1970

Popular recreation People were taking part in recreation all across the country Different activities took place depending on the facilities available The activities that took place at the facilities were different depending on the class of people using them For example, pools were used by both the upper and lower classes however, where as the upper class used them to learn to swim, the lower classes used them to wash and bath for hygiene reasons

Swimming/Bathing In the middle ages, towns were built around rivers which were used for: Bathing Washing Transport for food Defence against attack Fun When the water froze, activities such as skating

Swimming/Bathing

Pedestrianism Gentry Sponsored peasants, employed footmen as messengers and had them competing in running (paid well) Athletic success = gentlemen’s social standing. Large bets placed by all social groups

Class differences in popular recreation

Decline in mob games As the 19th Century continued, there become a decline in mob games for many reasons Banned by authorities as they were seen as unpopular with middle class Damage to the land and to properties Lack of space in urban areas – industrial revolution started to build factories Need for disciplined workforce – didn't want working class to take time off work due to injuries losing holy days and increased working hours led to a lack of free time Middle class encouraged rational forms of recreation- factory and church teams, all playing by the same rules Rationalising - Civilising of society was an on-going process Developed in public schools – melting pot of ideas and the rules written down and shared with all

The end of the 19th Century Social and cultural factors affecting sport Industrial revolution Overall less time for recreation due to work Better recreational facilities due to the health benefits Allowed to play – social control Transport = away fixtures and competitions between other villages/towns, factories or churches Public schools and universities Wrote down the rules – rationalised the sport Codification – created NGBs