University of Jordan Faculty of Pharmacy Done by: Elana Alsyouf Shifa hammash Esraa Farahat Maha Dasan Batool Mallouk

What are PROBIOTICS ?? definition put by FDA and WHO jointly is “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host.

Species applied in probiotic products Lactobacillus L. acidophilus L. crispatus Bifidobacterium B. adolescentis B. animalis Non-lactics Escherichia coli Bacillus cereus

Desirable Probiotic Properties acid and bile tolerance which seems to be crucial for oral administration adhesion to mucosal and epithelial surfaces antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria bile salt hydrolase activity

Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity Probiotics do not always colonize the intestinal tract to exert their effects, for example Bifidobacterium longum become part of the human intestinal microflora, but others like Lactobacillus casei indirectly affects as they pass through by remodeling or influencing the existing microbial community

Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity Major probiotic mechanisms of action include: enhancement of the epithelial barrier increased adhesion to intestinal mucosa concomitant inhibition of pathogen adhesion

Mechanisms of Probiotic Activity Major probiotic mechanisms of action include: competitive exclusion of pathogenic microorganisms production of anti-microorganism substances modulation of the immune system

Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea Health benefits of Probiotics Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea well-known uses of probiotics is for diarrheal diseases prevention and management of acute viral and bacterial diarrhea as well as the control of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea Health benefits of Probiotics Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea benefit for travellers’ diarrhea and diarrhea disease in young children caused by rotaviruses can be treated by some spiecies like: -Lactobacillus GG -Lactobacillus reuteri

Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea Health benefits of Probiotics Preventative and therapeutic effects against diarrhea Probiotics can prevent or ameliorate diarrhea by effecting the immune system. And might prevent infection because they compete with pathogenic viruses or bacteria for binding sites on epithelial cells

Inflammatory bowel disease Health benefits of Probiotics Inflammatory bowel disease Studies have shown an improvement in symptoms of IBD, pouchitis and ulcerative colitis with consumption of certain strains of lactobacilli

Inflammatory bowel disease Health benefits of Probiotics Inflammatory bowel disease Lactic acid bacteria may improve intestinal mobility and relieve constipation through a reduction in gut pH. It has also been reported that probiotic combination therapies may benefit patients with IBD.  Saccharomyces boulardii in patients with Crohn's disease was found to extend remission time and reduce relapse rates.

Immunologic enhancement Health benefits of Probiotics Immunologic enhancement lactobacilli used in dairy products can enhance the immune response of the host. Some organisms that have been identified as having this property are B. longum L. acidophilus

Immunologic enhancement Health benefits of Probiotics Immunologic enhancement modulating immune system make bacilli attractive for health applications. Enhanced phagocytic activity of granulocytes cytokine excretion in lymphocytes increased immunoglobulin-secreting cells in blood

potential benefits Certain functional foods containing probiotic provide preformed lactase to gut and allow better digestion of lactose.

potential benefits regulatory role of probiotics in allergic disease was to suppressive effect on lymphocytes' proliferation and interleukin-4 generation in vitro. Subsequently, the immune inflammatory responses to dietary antigens in allergic individuals were shown to be alleviated by probiotics, this being partly attributable to enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and transferring growth factor-β

potential benefits Probiotic bacteria also possess prophylactic and therapeutic properties. Other potential benefits include protection against vaginal or urinary tract infections, reduction in ulcers and intestinal tract infections, increased nutritional value, maintenance of mucosal integrity, reduction in catabolic products eliminated by kidney and liver,

potential benefits stimulation of repair mechanism of cells, breaking down and rebuilding hormones, relieving anxiety and depression, formation, maintenance, or reconstruction of a well-balanced indigenous intestinal and/or respiratory microbial communities, inhibiting decalcification of the bones in elderly people,

Antimicrobial properties The intestinal microbial community is a complex ecosystem, and introducing new organisms into this highly competitive environment is difficult. Thus, organisms that can produce a product that inhibits the growth of existing organisms have a characteristic advantage.

Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria Antimicrobial properties Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria Probiotic Compound Lactobacillus GG Wide-spectrum antibiotic L. acidophilus Acidolin, Acidophilin, Lactocidin, Lactocin B L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Bulgarican L. plantarum Lactolin L. brevis Lactobacillin, Lactobrevin L. reuteri Reuterin

Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria Antimicrobial properties Antimicrobial substances produced by probiotic bacteria Probiotic Compound L. reuteri Reuterin L. sake L45, L. sake Lb706 Lactocin S, Sakacin A L. johnsonii Lactocin F L. helveticus Helveticin J L. cremoris Diplococin Lactococcus lactis Nisin, Lactostrepsin, Lactocin, Lacticin Pediococcus pentosaceous, P. acidilactis Pediocin S. thermophilus Streptophilin Enterococcus faecium DPC1146

probiotics produce other acids, such as hippuric and citric acid. Antimicrobial properties beneficial microorganisms are used to improve the colonization resistance on body surfaces, such as GI, the urogenital, and the respiratory tract. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei produce lactic acid as the main end product of fermentation. probiotics produce other acids, such as hippuric and citric acid.

Nutrient synthesis and bioavailability Lactic acid bacteria causes alleviating symptoms of intestinal malabsorption , and produced lactic acid, which lowers the pH of the intestinal content and inhibits the development of invasive pathogens such as Salmonella spp. or strains of E. coli 

Nutrient synthesis and bioavailability Bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis may enhance the bioavailability of protein and fat and increase the production of free amino acids, short chain fatty acids (SCFA)

Selection of probiotics The selection criteria for a lactic acid bacteria to be used as ‘probiotic’ include the following ability to: (i) exert a beneficial effect on the host (ii) withstand into a foodstuff at high cell counts, and remain viable throughout the shelf-life (iii) withstand transit through the GI tract

Selection of probiotics (iv) adhere to the intestinal epithelium cell lining and colonize the lumen of the tract (v) produce antimicrobial substances towards pathogens (vi) stabilize the intestinal micro flora and be associated with health benefits.

Probiotics and prebiotics Prebiotics are non-digestible substances (dietary fiber) that exert some biological effect by selective stimulation of growth or bioactivity of beneficial microorganisms Prebiotics are sources of energy for the micro flora

Probiotics side effects 1-Probiotics might theoretically cause infections that need to be treated with antibiotics, especially in people with underlying health conditions. 2- increased the death rate of patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis.

Probiotics side effects 3- People use probiotics more likely to develop a sensitivity to allergens 4-Probiotics taken orally can be destroyed by the acidic conditions of the stomach

Probiotics and allergy explanations for the increased prevalence of atopic diseases is called hygiene hypothesis . it suggests that the continuously increased hygiene results to reduced exposure to a variety of microbes and consequently to a less diverse intestinal microbiota from early life onwards.

conclusion Probiotics showed beneficial effects on human health. but, the development of probiotics for human consumption is still in its infancy, until researchers determine their safety and efficacy , Researches are improving every day , so it will have a bright future .

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