Warm-Up # 36 1. Adherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously? A. Buddhism B. Hinduism C. Islam D. Christianity 2. Christianity first diffused from its hearth through A. hierarchical diffusion. B. contagious diffusion. C. relocation diffusion. D. all of the above 3. The concept of a ghetto originally referred to the area of a city A. where most blacks lived. B. inside the walls. C. where Jews where forced to live. D. inhabited by the lowest-income people.

Why do Religions Have Different Distributions? The Diffusion of Religions The Diffusion of Universalizing Religions Hearths – Asia - based on the lives of three individuals

Diffusion of Christianity Relocation Expansion Hierarchical Contagious Israel/Canaan/Palestine – relocation diffusion Missionaries - Paul’s Travels Roman Empire – Trade and the Sea Routes - Economic through trade Hierarchical Diffusion – Emperor Constantine A.D. 313 Migration and Missionary Conversion of Indigenous people Africa Latin America Immigration United States

Diffusion of Islam Muhammad’s Successors Armies Extensive area of Africa, Asia, and Europe Within a century Palestine Persian Empire Much of India Spain until 1492 – Western Europe Relocation diffusion from the hearth through missionaries

Diffusion of Buddhism Slow Diffusion Asoka – Emperor of the Magadhan Empire 273 – 232 B.C. Council at Pataliputra – missionaries to neighboring territories Trade Routes Chinese very receptive – monks in 4th Century A.D. To Korea at same time – Japan two centuries later, and stopping in India at same time

Diffusion of Other Universalizing Religions Bahá’i – Through temple construction on every continent Punjab Region – Sikhs British Control – 1849 India and Pakistan – 1947 Prefer to live in Hindu-dominated India 2.5 million have moved to East Punjab

Diffusion of Ethnic Religions Limited, if any diffusion At the expense of universalizing religions May supplant ethnic religions African countries tend to stay the same Buddhist Vs. Shinto Daoism Confucianism Mauritius - Economic migration Judaism – The exception to the rule Diaspora – Greek for dispersion Ghetto’s – WWII Today – 10% vs. 90% a century ago

Holy Places Pilgrimages Buddhism – Shrines – important events in the Buddha’s life 8 Places Islam – Makkah/Mecca The Kaaba – Saudi Arabia Madinah – Muhammad’s tomb Ethnic Religions – Hinduism –Tirtha Mt. Kailās – Siva The Ganges

The Calendar Ethnic – more clustered distribution Seasonal/annual cycle – agriculture and sacred moments The Jewish Calendar – lunar - ethnic religion in part because its major holidays are based on agricultural events in Israel. Rosh Hashanah – New Year Yom Kippur – Day of Atonement Pesach – Passover Shavuot – Feast of Weeks Dates gained importance in time The Solstice – Washington D.C.

The Calendar Universalizing religions – Founders life Islamic – also lunar but strict Changes over the years Bahá’I –The Báb First day of Spring – March 21st Christian - Julian vs. Gregorian Calendar Important days differ – religion to religion and hemisphere to hemisphere Buddhists – Different in India and Japan