religion

Wednesday, oct. 19 Religion has a significant influence on the people’s of a region and/or culture. Religion guides our morals, values, traditions, dress, etc. As you have learned in your world history classes and foreign language classes, there are several types of religions in addition to a few major philosophies. In this activity, you will revisit Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism by looking at and analyzing proverbs. Please complete the activity with your elbow partner. Lunar New Year: TurnT Up!

RELIGION ROTATION Directions: Please get back into your groups from yesterday. Use computers and/or cell phones to complete your religion assignment. Share & discuss with your group!

Christianity Origin and Diffusion What are the 3 branches? Palestine (modern Israel) Universalizing Religion What are the 3 branches? Branches Roman Catholic Protestant Eastern Orthodox

Christianity Basic Precepts Belief in One God Father, Son & Holy Spirit Covenant (contract) with God New Testament - salvation to those who believe in Jesus Christ and his teachings Salvation is by grace or belief not works Believers to to heaven with everlasting life Conversion of others

Islam Origin and Diffusion Branches Mecca, Muhammad Universalizing Religion Branches Sunni (majority) Shiite

Islam Basic Precepts 5 Pillars of Faith Submission to the will of God (Allah) Lineage - Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, & Mohammed (different lineage) Holy Book - Koran - built on Old Testament Five (5) pillars of faith 5 Pillars of Faith Creed “There is no God but Allah” Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca Giving to the poor Month of Rammadan Pilgrimage to Mecca

Buddhism Basic Precepts Buddha - the enlightened one 4 noble truths Nirvana - highest degree of consciousness 4 noble truths Life involves suffering Cause of suffering is desire Extinguish desire Nirvana reached through 8 fold path

Hinduism Origin & Diffusion - unknown Other Characteristics: Collection of scriptures 1500BC - 500AD Not widely diffused Almost exclusive to India Other Characteristics: Ethnic religion almost exclusively in India Oldest religion in Asia (1500 B.C) No authority or holy book (ancient scriptures) Polytheistic (perceived) Numerous Gods (Vishnu (preserver), Shiva (destroyer), Shakti (mother god) Yet one reality - Brahman - one God

Judaism Monotheistic God protects people but also holds them accountable People serve god by studying the Torah and living by its teachings Rituals: Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah At age 13, they enter the adult religious community Leaders: Rabbis Holy Books: Torah Deity/God: Yahweh

Diffusion of Religions Universalizing Religions Ethnic Religions Universalizing religions tend to diffuse from single, specific hearths and spread through a combination of relocation, hierarchical and contagious diffusion. Ethnic religions are often tied to the physical landscape and seasons of a hearth and so remain highly clustered in the hearth region.

Diffusion of Christianity Relocation Contagious Hierarchical In 1st century AD Paul of Tarsus and other missionaries began spreading Christianity along the Roman Empire’s protected sea and road routes. While missionaries moved from city to city, the converts they left behind after establishing churches spread Christianity within the Roman empire through contagious diffusion in their communities. Christianities survival was set through hierarchical diffusion when the Roman Emperor Constantine converted in 313 CE. His successor, Theodosius then proclaimed it the official religion of the empire in 380. Diffusion continued for centuries in a blend of the three methods. It diffused into Eastern Europe through the conversion of various kings. After 1500 it diffused with English colonialism into the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and Africa. In those places, various indigenous groups converted or intermarried. The branch of Christianity that dominates in a place reflects the branch of the Christians who colonized or later migrated there.

Diffusion of Islam Relocation diffusion: Muhammad’s Hijrah from Mecca to Medina Hierarchical Diffusion: Muhammad’s defeat of Mecca Contagious Diffusion: conversions from person to person.

Diffusion of Buddhism Relocation Diffusion: In 257BCE, Asoka, the emperor of the Magadhan empire, converted to Buddhism and declared his empire as Buddhist. Relocation Diffusion: Asoka also sent Buddhist missionaries to neighboring territories… Sri Lanka, Kashmir, the Himalayas, Burma, and elsewhere in India. In the first century AD, Buddhist merchants moved along trading routes and introduced Buddhism to China. Widespread conversions began there in the 4th century.

Diffusion of Ethnic Religions East and Southeast Asian Religions African Religions The universalizing religion my supplant the local, ethnic religion or mingle with it. In some parts of Africa, Christianity dominates and reflects the colonizers branch (Catholicism in Guinea from the Spanish, Lutheran in Namibia from the Germans). In other places, through syncretism, Christianity incorporates ritual aspects of the local ethnic religions. In East and Southeast Asia, Buddhism has spread and mingled with local ethnic religions. In Japan, the Shinto first resisted the spread of Buddhism, then embraced it. Through syncretism, Buddhist monks took over the management of Shinto shrines and Buddhist deities were incorporated into the Shinto Pantheon. Christianity and Islam are exclusive religions that require singular adherence to them and them alone. Many ethnic religions (and Buddhism) are non-exclusive religions so adherents can practice aspects of multiple religions.

Diffusion of Judaism (an exception) Despite its status as an ethnic religion and despite its close ties to the place and seasons of historic Israel, Judaism has diffused widely over the world. (see world map) World map of Judaism After Romans burned the temple in 70AD, many Jews migrated in a movement called the diaspora to Europe, Northern Africa and Asia. Jews lived among other nationalities, often as guest populations without official citizenship. They lived in isolated communities (ghettos) and retained their religious practices while sometimes adopting cultural practices of their hosts. As a result of the holocaust at the hands of the Nazis in the 1930s and 40s, many Jews left Europe and spread to the Americas.

Religion has both a cultural and political impact across the globe Define universalizing religions. Explain how this term contributes to different denominations and branches within a religion. Name ONE ethnic religion and explain how this religion diffused across the globe. Explain how the cultural landscape is affected by the transculturation (merging) of religions.