The Age of Exploration and Discovery

Ancient Roman Spice Trade Route The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. ... The Greco-Roman world followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman-India routes

Late Medieval Trade Routes Mediterranean Powers (Ottoman Empire, Italian City States) dominated trade. As goods traveled into Europe the prices began to increase! Mediterranean Powers (Ottoman Empire, Italian City States) dominated trade Main trade routes of late medieval Europe. Black: Hansa, blue: Venetian, red: Genoese, purple: Venetian and Genoese, stippled: overland and river routes.

Silk Road and Spice Trade Routes The two ways of acquiring silk and spices was either through the waterways or over land. Overland routes took too long and were not cost effective. The Venetian-Muslim monopoly on spices and silks creates the desire for European countries to seek new trading routes to India

Technological Advancements Cartography Mercator Projection Tools (for measuring latitude) Magnetic Compass Astrolabe Cross Staff (a.k.a., Jacob’s Staff) NOTE: Sailors had no way to measure longitude until John Harrison invented the marine chronometer in the eighteenth century.

Mercator Projection The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by the Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.

Caravel Light and maneuverable Could sail into the wind Lateen Rigging Caravel Light and maneuverable Could sail into the wind Columbus’ Niña and Pinta are famous examples of caravels. The Santa Maria was a slightly larger carrack-type ship.

The “Three G’s” of Exploration Gold God Source: deviantart.com Glory

Portuguese Exploration Economic Motivations Religious Motivations Rise of Ottoman Empire Loss of Overland Route Prester John Myth

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal Financed expeditions along the African coastline

Bartholomew Dias Cape of Good Hope (1488)

Vasco da Gama First Voyage to India (1498) Religion in India by Region

Christopher Columbus Sailed under the Spanish Flag Looking for a shorter route to India Departs form the Canary Islands + 33 days later lands in San Salvador He thought he was in Japan, not until his 3rd voyage will he realize Cuba was not Japan Thinking he as in India Columbus called the Natives “Indians” a name that stuck with the Europeans

Treaty of Tordesillas LINE OF DEMARCATION SPAIN (West) PORTUGAL (East) Treaty of Tordesillas, agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

Pedro Cabral Portuguese Sailor Discovered Brazil Island? Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal

Amerigo Vespucci Florentine Mundus Novus America Medici Bank Executive Joined Portuguese Expeditions Mundus Novus “New World” Published Letter, 1502 America Latinized/Feminized by Martin Waldseemüller, a German Cartographer, in a 1507 map

Waldseemüller Map Universalis Cosmographia 1507

Members of the Community of Portuguese Language

Ferdinand Magellan Circumnavigation (1519-1522) Organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.

of the Age of Exploration The Legacy of the Age of Exploration Source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds/images/map4_1.jpg