Mr. Meester AP European History A New Way of Thinking Mr. Meester AP European History

New Science Several developments occurred in the scientific community in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays. Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium emitted a similar form of energy. JJ. Thomson formulated the theory of the electron. Marie Currie discovers several new radioactive elements. Ernest Rutherford developed the theory explaining the cause of radiation. Albert Einstein developed his theories on relativity.

Literature Realism and Naturalism were the main ingredients to literature of the late 19th century. Charles Dickens wrote of the reality of life for the poor in industrialized England. Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary is often considered the first realistic novel. Emile Zola turned realism into a social movement. L’Assormmoir discussed the problems of alcoholism. Nana delved into the life of a prostitute. George Bernard Shaw wrote about reality of love and war and not their romantic ideals.

Realist Art Combined aspects & techniques of romanticism, classicalism, baroque, the renaissance, as well as other styles. Had a high attention to detail real/natural settings Rejected the exaggerated emotion of Romanticism Wanted to portray life at all levels as it truly was Often portrayed the Industrial & Commercial Revolutions Some prominent realists included: John Sargent, Gustave Courbet, and Edouard Manet.

A Burial at Omans Gustave Courbet 1851

Iron and Coal William Bell Scott 1860

Music in the Tuileries Edouard Manet 1862

Luncheon of the Grass Edouard Manet 1863

Madame X John Sargent 1884

Modernism All areas of the arts were effected. In music, painting, sculpture, and literature a new way of thinking progressed causing many changes away from traditional views. Began in the late 1800’s but gained great popularity following World War I. The Lost Generation

Impressionism Represents a distinct break from the past styles. Involved the study of light often in outdoor settings Concerned with capturing the essence not the details Partially a reaction to the invention of photography Techniques: Short thick brushstrokes Colors side by side, little to no mixing Little use of blacks, darks were a mix of complimentary colors Soft edges (wet paint on wet paint) Unpopular with the upper class at first due to most impressionists being middle class. Artists included Claude Monet & Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Impression Sunrise Claude Monet 1874

Waterlilies Claude Monet 1897

Luncheon of the Boating Party Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1880

Girl Braiding her Hair Pierre-Auguste Renoir 1885

Post-Impressionism It was an extension of Impressionism Wasn’t a cohesive movement the artists pushed the boundaries of Impressionism Often used exaggerated geometric forms Sometimes used unnatural or arbitrary colors New techniques were used such as Pointillism Invented by Georges-Pierre Seurat Involves painting using individual dots Georges-Pierre Seurat & Vincent van Gogh

Sunday Afternoon Georges-Pierre Seurat 1884 Pointillism uses small dots of paint to create a larger picture.

Sunflowers 1889 Self Portrait 1887 Vincent van Gogh

Starry Night Vincent van Gogh 1889