The War on Terror

Hijackers, 15 Saudi, 2 Emiratis, 1 Jordan, 1 Egypt Flight 11 and 175 Boston to LA hit WTC Flight 77 DC to LA hit Pentagon Flight 93 Newark to SF crashed in Shanksville US airspace closed NATO take up air border security patrols “The Pet Goat”

The Hamburg Cell Formed 1998 by University Students in Hamburg Germany Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi Ramzi bin al-Shibh Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Architect of 9-11 plan 1996 Chance meeting with al Qaeda agent Training in Afghanistan, chosen for 9-11 mission Enroll in flight training schools in US

Global War on Terror Eradicate terror threats globally Build alliances with other states to such ends Target state sponsored terror; Iran, Iraq, Syria Eliminate key leaders; bin Laden, Zarqawi, Omar Defeat terror organisations; al Qaeda Eliminate terror sanctuaries; Afghanistan, Sudan Strengthen weak and failing states Integrate domestic and international security and intelligence; Dept of Homeland Security

Freedom or Security Department of Homeland Security Patriot Act Expanded law enforcement powers related to search and seizure, Increased power of financial regulation, Increased border security and immigration authority The Terrorism Narrative and US foreign relations Politicalisation of Terrorism Who is a terrorist?

With us or against us? November 2001 "A coalition partner must do more than just express sympathy, a coalition partner must perform,“ "Over time it's going to be important for nations to know they will be held accountable for inactivity.“ "You're either with us or against us in the fight against terror."

Axis of Evil January 2002 North Korea "A regime arming with missiles and weapons of mass destruction, while starving its citizens.” Iran "aggressively pursues these weapons and exports terror, while an unelected few repress the Iranian people's hope for freedom." "Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror. Outposts of Tyranny: Syria, Zimbabwe, Belarus, Myanmar, Libya, Cuba

Weapons Inspection Saga 1991 (UN 697) requires Iraq to eliminate WMDs, Inspections begin Further resolution 669,707,715,949,1149,1289,1441 Iraq is often not cooperative banning inspectors from certain sites Weapons inspections repeatedly suspended then resume Some weapons and weapons material found February 2002, Colin Powell speech to UNSC with evidence he argues that Iraq has misled inspectors

Justifications for War Weapons of mass destruction Connections with al Qaeda Post 9/11 political environment Marketing the War

Anti War 64% of Americans approved of military action 63% wanted to find a diplomatic solution 62% believed the threat of terrorism directed against the U.S. would increase due to war 3000 protests world wide, 36 million people 3 million in Rome, largest ever anti war protest Opposed by US allies Germany, France, NZ

United Nations Security Council A war mandate would require a super majority 9 of 15 with no veto from permanent members UK - primary US supporter France - would veto military intervention Russia - would support a US-led war if things did not change China - continued inspections.

Non-Permanent Members Germany - would do all they could to avert war Continued inspections: Cameroon, Chile, Guinea, Angola, Pakistan Supported the use of military force even without UN backing: Bulgaria, Spain, Mexico Syria: Sanctions should be lifted

Coalition of the Willing 48 Countries Troops: US, UK, Poland, Australia Italy, Spain, Denmark strategic and air support Kurdish Peshmerga Turkey refused coalition access to its air space

Invasion Coalition Iraq US (148,000) UK (45,000) 500,000 Troops Australia (2,000) Poland (194) Peshmerga (70,000) M1A1 Abrams Tanks F-117 Stealth bombers AWACS Guidance Systems 500,000 Troops 650,000 reserves Soviet T-72 Tanks Aircraft disassembled and buried

March 20 air and ground operations commence April 10 Fall of Baghdad May 1 Bush declares combat operations over July 22: Uday and Qusay Hussein killed September 3: First post-Saddam government October/ November beginnings of large scale Sunni and Shi’ite insurgency

Capture of Saddam Hussein 13 December 2003 Near Tikrit More than 8 months on the run

Trial and Execution Convicted of the Dujail Massacre 1982 Anfal Campaign, Iran–Iraq War, invasion of Kuwait; war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide Saddam rejects legitimacy of the court Judge, “State your name.” Saddam, "You are an Iraqi, you know who I am.“ Trial criticized by rights groups as a ‘Kangaroo Court”

Outcomes Shi’ite dominated government Increased sectarian tensions Changed the regional balance of power in favor of Iran Creation of al Qaeda in Iraq which would become Islamic State (ISIS)

‘Mr. President, it isn’t just a simple matter of going to Baghdad ‘Mr. President, it isn’t just a simple matter of going to Baghdad. I know how to do that. What happens after? You need to understand, if you take out a government, take out a regime, guess who becomes the government and regime and is responsible for the country? You are. So if you break it, you own it.'”

Is the world a safer place? Al Qaeda decentralized but still relevant, especially in Yemen Islamic State in decline but still relevant No major attacks in US But terrorism is Europe has increased Boko Haram , al Shabaab in decline but AQIM still relevant Libya, Iraq, Syria, Yemen are failed states Pakistan and India increasingly becoming terror strongholds Sectarianism in the ME still strong