The Road to World War I

Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914

The Balkans in 1878

Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914 Three Emperors’ League (1873)  Ger, A-H, Rus. Dual Alliance (1879)  Ger. & A-H Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It. Reinsurance Treaty (1887)  restore relations between Ger. & Rus. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) British-Japanese Alliance (1902) The Entente Cordiale (1904)  Br. & Fr.

Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914 First Moroccan Crisis (1905) Russo-Japanese War (1905) The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)  Persia Triple Entente (1907)  Br, Fr, Rus The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 Second Moroccan Crisis (1911) The First Balkan War (1912) The Second Balkan War (1913)

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

Europe in 1914

The Balkans in 1914

1914-1918: The World at War

Underlying Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

Europe in 1914

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914 94 130 154 268 289 398 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France 10% Britain 13% Russia 39% Germany 73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

Davies www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen Plan

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies “Mata Hari” Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

The Western Front: “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 Each side had 500,000 casualties. German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

The Armistice is Signed! 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

Effects of WWI

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922 Erzerum 215,000 1,500 Van 197,000 500 Kharbert 204,000 35,000 Diarbekir 124,000 3,000 Bitlis 220,000 56,000 Sivas 225,000 16,800   Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000 European Turkey 194,000 163,000 Trapizond District 73,390 15,000 Total 2,133,190 387,800

Territorial Changes As a Result of World War I

WW 1 Secret Treaties: Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916]

Balfour Declaration [1917] Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild. I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations {hopes} which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate {assist} the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR British Foreign Secretary 81

British Palestine Mandate in 1923

The Middle East in the 1920s

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

New Nations &Territories After WW I

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918