Developmental Theory Development

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development (B-2): Trust v. Mistrust (2-4): Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt (4-6): Initiative v. Guilt (6-12): Industry v. Inferiority (13-19): Identity v. Role Confusion (20’s & 30’s): Intimacy v. Isolation (40’s, 50’s & 60’s): Generativity v. Stagnation (70’s & Up): Ego Integrity v. Despair

Trust v. Mistrust Hope Considered the most important stage of development because it sets the stage for all of the other stages.

Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt Independence The child learns to say “no” in this stage to assert themselves as separate individuals.

Initiative v. Guilt Curiosity The child often asks “why” in this stage.

Industry v. Inferiority Skill/Competence This is the stage in which the child tries to find out what they are good at and develop a skill. Boys especially are competitive but girls can be too.

Identity v. Role Confusion Self-Esteem The stage in which teenagers attempt to find themselves and fit in with others at the same time. Role Confusion can be expressed in 5 major ways: Drugs/Alcohol, Bullying/Violence, Depression/Suicide, Eating Disorders, Promiscuity

Intimacy v. Isolation Love This is the stage in which the individual attempts to connect to another human being. If the person can communicate and share, they experience intimacy. People can be married and still be isolated. It shows itself in the same ways that role confusion appears. Erikson considered stages 5 & 6 the most closely related stages and said you need identity to experience intimacy.

Generativity v. Stagnation Purpose The stage in which the parent serves as a role model for the younger generation. Mid-life Crisis is a synonym for stagnation when it is not handled well.

Ego Integrity v. Despair Wisdom Integrity is achieved when one looks back over their life and is satisfied. Despair usually shows itself in 2 ways: depression and hostility

Bullying Occurs most during Middle School Boys bully physically while girls bully verbally Girls hang on to bullying situations longer than boys. Schools have a moral obligation to help students overcome being bullied.

Depression 3 kinds of depression: 1) Mild-Moderate 2) Severe 3) Manic

Depression Signs Changes in eating/sleeping habits Sadness/Withdrawal/Apathy Aggression/Irritation/Violence Drug & Alcohol Use Drop in Grades Promiscuity

Depression Causes Loss Relationship and Family Problems School Pressures/Grades Financial Problems Trauma Drug & Alcohol Use Genetics

Depression Treatments For Mild/Moderate: Exercise, Diet, Therapy For Severe/Manic: Medication as needed Support groups, alternative/herbal, meditation, reading

Suicide Females attempt 3/1 Males commit 3/1 Males use more violent methods

Suicide Myths Only crazy people attempt suicide Attempting suicide makes a person less likely to attempt again Talking about suicide increases the risk of a person committing suicide Once you see depressed people get better, they are no longer at risk

Eating Disorders Anorexia Bulimia Obesity

Anorexia Definition: 15% or more under normal body weight Distorted body image Disgust for food

Anorexia Characteristics Upper-middle class whites, ages 15-35 Perfectionism issues Over-controlling mother-daughter relationships 95% female & 5% male

Bulimia Bulimics are usually within 5 pounds of normal body weight 2 Kinds: Binge-Purge & Binge-Non Purge Correlation between bulimia and past sexual abuse 90% female & 10% male

Obesity Definition: 30% or more over normal body weight and 30-40% in the U.S. are considered obese #1 Killer in the U.S. today is Diabetes, caused by obesity.

Promiscuity U.S. has the #1 teen pregnancy rate in the industrialized world (Sweden is #2) 50% of all teens have had intercourse by high school graduation (Stat. is falling in the last 10 years) 40% of all sexually active females will be pregnant by age 17 80% of all those pregnant by age 17 will be pregnant again by age 19 15% of high schoolers have had sex with 4 or more partners throughout high school

Promiscuity Average age of the father of the child is 23 90% of these men leave 50% of teen mothers graduate high school The abuse rate among teen mothers is 3 times the normal population of mothers

Birth Control 2 most effective methods not including abstinence: Pill & Condom 2 least effective methods: Rhythm & Withdrawal

Abstinence Definition: Refraining from sexual intercourse until marriage 2 Main Factors: Faith & Father who verbalizes love

Rape Rape: The forced act of sexual Intercourse 2 kinds of rapists: Date/Acquaintance & Serial

Date/Acquaintance Rape 80% of all rapes are date/acquaintance (victim knows the rapist in some fashion) Most likely place is in connection with the college scene Alcohol/Drugs are involved in 50-60% of all rapes

Personality of the date/acquaintance Rapist Macho, narcissistic, aggressive, history of aggression/violence, believes that he is a “gift” to girls and that they want him. Believes that it is not rape, but desired sex. Ages 15-30, Single, White Might even ask her out again Follows her for an average of 2 weeks before he “strikes.”

Serial Rape 20% of all rapes are serial rapes Rapist does not know the victim Alcohol/Drugs are not involved Rape is typically more violent and dangerous A weapon is often carried No commonality of location

Personality of the Serial Rapist Typically violent, possibly dangerous and history of violent attacks, possibly a sociopath Ages 30-50, could be married or single, could have kids or not, typically minority

Preventing Rape Before it Happens Be aware of your surroundings Trust your instincts Travel in pairs/packs Stay drug/alcohol free

Preventing Date Rape as it Happens Don’t plan to physically win the battle Tell him who you are and what he’s doing Use the word rape Make sure he knows you will follow through with prosecution and exposing him

Preventing Serial Rape as it Happens Humanize yourself Tell him your name, point out your family Ask if he would want this to happen to someone he cared about Continue to humanize yourself and to talk

Statutory Rape Consensual sex between 2 people in which one is under the age of 18 and one is over the age of 18 (California). Some states have the age of consent at 17. Some states have a shield law in which the law is not enforced if the relationship has existed for more than 2 years and the age difference is less than 2 years (California is not one of those states)

Statutory Rape Cont’d 2 ways of being “discovered” Breakup which turns into hate Parents who turn over the boyfriend

Stage 8 - Erikson The stage in which the person looks back over their life and determines whether they have lived a satisfactory life or whether they have lived a regretful life.

Death & Dying Elizabeth Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of death & dying -Denial: inability to admit death -Anger: overcome by angry emotions -Bargaining: promising to do more -Depression: withdrawing from others -Acceptance: coming to terms with mortality -Hope: thinking about the welfare of others

Death & Dying People can go through any order and be in one stage or get through all of the stages Most people do get to acceptance at some point

Test 3 Review 10 Questions: Matching Erikson Stages with their basic meanings 8 Questions: Matching Erikson stages with their virtues 5 Questions: Matching Kubler-Ross stages with their basic meanings 2 Questions: Kubler-Ross Stages

Test 3 Review Cont’d 5 Questions: Bullying 5 Questions: Depression & Suicide 5 Questions: Eating Disorders 6 Questions: Promiscuity 4 Questions: Rape Essay: Erikson’s 5 stage – Role Confusion Issues.

Test 3 Essay Using Erikson’s 5th stage as a guide, discuss the importance of having good self esteem as a teenager and what can happen if a teen falls into role confusion. Include a paragraph on each of bullying, depression, eating disorders, and promiscuity. Discuss each problem and how teens deal with them effectively or ineffectively.