10 Blood

Blood

I. Introduction to Blood A. Tissue: __________ B. Components = __________ and ________ C. Hematocrit Bottom = Buffy layer: Top = Plasma Anemia

D. Physical Characteristics of Blood Color High Oxygen = scarlet red Low Oxygen = dull pH:7.35–7.45 Acidosis: ______ Alkalosis: ______ Temp. = 100.4°F

II. Blood Plasma-- Components FIGURE 10.1 90 % = ______ Includes dissolved substances:

Figure 10.1 (1 of 2)

Blood Plasma– Components … Plasma proteins (liver) Albumin: osmotic (water) balance of blood Fibrinogen: ________ Antibodies: __________

Figure 10.1 (2 of 2)

III. Formed Elements A. Erythrocytes (RBCs) Function Anatomy Biconcave disks Nucleus & Organelles: Hemoglobin Biochemical = Metal = Each has 4 O2 in RBC: has hundreds of thousands Blood Count: 4-6 Million per ml blood

Lymphocyte Platelets Erythrocytes Neutrophils Figure 10.2

Erythrocyte Disorders STUDENTS DO: Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia Polycythemia

Lymphocyte Platelets Erythrocytes Neutrophils Figure 10.2

Mobile: ameboid motion (diapedesis) Respond to damaged tissues Formed Elements … B. Leukocytes (WBCs) Function: _______ Anatomy: Mobile: ameboid motion (diapedesis) Respond to damaged tissues 5-11 thousand WBC per ml

Neutrophils Never Lymphocytes Let Monocytes Monkeys Eosinophils Eat Basophils Banannas

1. Granulocytes = have granules a. Neutrophils Nucleus Immune System Formed Elements … 1. Granulocytes = have granules a. Neutrophils Nucleus Immune System During infection: Frequency:

Alergy and parasitic worms rare Formed Elements … Granulocytes … b. Eosinophils nucleus Alergy and parasitic worms rare

Release histamine (vasodilator) Contain heparin (anticoagulant) rare Formed Elements … Granulocytes … c. Basophils Nucleus Inflamatory Response Release histamine (vasodilator) Contain heparin (anticoagulant) rare

2. Agranulocytes: no granules a. Lymphocytes Nucleus Immune System Formed Elements … 2. Agranulocytes: no granules a. Lymphocytes Nucleus Immune System B cells T cells 2nd most common

Function: as macrophages chronic infection uncommon Formed Elements … Agranulocytes … b. Monocytes Nucleus Function: as macrophages chronic infection uncommon

Disorders Involving Leukocytes Students do : Leukocytosis Leukopenia Leukemia

fragmented megakaryocytes Clotting process Count:300,000 per ml Formed Elements … C. Platelets Structure: fragmented megakaryocytes Clotting process Count:300,000 per ml

III. Blood Physiology A. Hematopoiesis = ________________ red bone marrow Hemocytoblast: cells from stem cells They differentiate into rbc, wbc, & platelets via hormones

B. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding 3-6 minutes 3 phases (1) Vascular spasms Vasoconstriction via smooth muscle

Hemostasis (2) Platelet plug formation Collagen fibers are exposed Platelets become “sticky” “ “ release chemicals: attract more platelets platelet plug

Hemostasis (3) Coagulation Tissue factor (TF) released Calcium needed Chemical reactions triggered that finally produce Thrombin, an enzyme Thrombin: joins fibrinogen proteins into net-like fibrin

Figure 10.7

Students do: Blood Disorders Thrombus Embolus Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia

C. Blood Groups and Transfusions Loss of > 30 % causes shock Transfusions: must be of the same blood group Antigens = a foreign substance Chemicals on cell surface (proteins …) Red Blood cell surface has genetically determined proteins B A A B BB A Z Z Z

Human Blood Groups > 30 common rbc surface proteins that act as antigens– some more important Antibodies: proteins produced by WBC that attack antigens on Foreign Cells Blood type lab tested: by using artificial antibodies that react to antigens are present ABO and Rh blood group antigens Z Z zZ

Human Blood Groups … ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence of two antigens = A & B Both present = type AB blood Have Plasma Antibodies ________ A present = type A blood B present = type B blood Neither present = type O blood A B B A A A B B B

Human Blood Groups … ABO Blood Groups … Universal Recipient: AB Type B can receive B and O blood Type A can receive A and O blood Universal Donor: O

ABO Blood Groups Blood Group RBC Antigens Plasma antibodies Blood that can be received AB A, B None A, B, AB, O Universal recipient B Anti-A B, O A Anti-B A, O O Anti-A, Anti-B Universal donor

Human Blood Groups … Rh Blood Groups Presence or absence of the Rh antigens (8) Most Americans: Rh+ = has antigen Rh– people do NOT already have the Rh antibodies PROBLEMS Transfusions: Rh- given Rh+ blood Problems in Pregnancy Only Rh– mother

Normally mother-baby blood does not mix no problems Rh & Pregnancy … If Child is Rh+ Normally mother-baby blood does not mix no problems But immune system sensitized to Rh antigen 2nd RH+ baby, the mother’s antibodies attack baby’s blood = hemolytic disease of the newborn RhoGAM shot can prevent anti-Rh+ buildup

Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with artificial Antibodies: anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum Coagulation indicates that the antigen is present Cross matching: both donors and recipients blood tested Example: type A only given type A etc …

Blood being tested Serum Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains antigens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Agglutinated RBCs Type B (contains antigen B; agglutinates with anti-B serum) Type A (contains antigen A; agglutinates with anti-A serum) Type O (contains no antigens; does not agglutinate with either serum) Figure 10.8

Developmental Aspects of Blood Students do: Sites of blood cell formation

Figure 10.3