1. A man heterozygous for Type B blood and a woman with Type O blood decide to have children. What is the probability of them having universal blood donors as children. 2. What is the probability of having children with Rh positive blood if the man is homozygous for Rh+ and the woman is Rh- Inheritance of the Rh factor is simple dominance. Do Now: Put Sickle Cell Problems wkst in basket. Solve the genetics problem. Show all work.

Human Blood Typing Lab Objective: Apply blood typing method to determine the blood type for a sample of synthetic human blood Describe the appearance of agglutinated blood. Explain how to determine a human blood type. Using data, determine the blood type for each person.

Human Blood Typing Vocabulary Blood type = blood group - Any of several immunologically distinct, genetically determined classes of human blood which are based on the presence or absence of certain erythrocyte surface antigens (glycoproteins) and are clinically identified by characteristic agglutination reactions; for blood transfusion purposes, the ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important. Agglutinogen - An erythrocyte (RBC) surface antigen (immunologically distinct, genetically determined glycoproteins) which may stimulate the production of a particular specific agglutinin (antibody) in individuals lacking that particular agglutinogen (antigen); e.g., the antigens involved in the ABO and Rh blood group systems. Agglutinin (the anti-serum) - A molecule, such as an antibody, which is capable of causing agglutination (clumping) of a particular antigen, especially red blood cells or bacteria. Agglutination - The clumping together of red blood cells, or bacteria, or other particulate/cellular antigens, usually in response to a specific antibody.

What happens during blood typing? “The Basis of Blood Typing: Call into action the antibody present in the receiver’s blood. What happens during blood typing? Notice that the antibodies (Y-shaped structures) attach to the red blood cells and then cause them to stick together. If this is Type A, then the Y-shaped structures are Anti-A serum (antibody A).

Blood Typing Results

Results of Blood Typing Test After the Addition of Anti-serum (antibody) Sample Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Blood Type Mr. Smith Mr. Jones Mr. Green Ms. Brown Yes = agglutination No = no agglutination

Results of Blood Typing Test After the Addition of Anti-serum (antibody) Sample Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Blood Type Mr. Smith Yes No A + Mr. Jones B- Mr. Green AB+ Ms. Brown O- Yes = agglutination No = no agglutination

Blood contains antibodies in the liquid component, plasma Blood contains antibodies in the liquid component, plasma. The antibodies serve a protective function. Why does Type AB blood have no antibodies? Human ABO Blood Typing Explanation

What do the results say? Which sample(s) lacked all antigens? Which sample(s) have both A and B antigens? Why? Which sample has a A and Rh antigen? Which sample(s) have B antibodies? Which sample(s) have no antibodies? Who is the universal donor? Who is the universal receiver? Why? Could Mr. Jones donate to Mr. Green? Will Ms. Brown have an Rh – child? Explain. ??? What do the results say?

The antigens on the donor’s red blood cell must not react with the antibodies in the receiver’s plasma. Person with… Type A Blood makes B antibodies Type B Blood make A antibodies Type AB Blood makes no antibodies Type O Blood makes A & B antibodies. Safe Blood Donation

Apply Your Knowledge….. Use your understanding about blood typing and the immune cells that give a person immunity to explain what is occurring in the figure to the left, where it is occurring and why it is occurring. Begin by identifying all the labeled structures… 1. Epitope 2. IgM 3. Bacterium

Why is this baby in danger? Ertyhroblastosis Fetalis For those interested Why is this baby in danger? Ertyhroblastosis Fetalis

Frequency is how often the blood type occurs in a population Next two slides are some stats on the frequency of each type of Human ABO blood Frequency is how often the blood type occurs in a population

http://www.redcrossblood.org/learn-about-blood/blood-types.html

http://anthro. palomar http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/table_of_ABO_and_Rh_blood_type_frequencies_in_US.htm