European Renaissance & Reformation Chapter 17 (p. 468-503)

Renaissance Rebirth Revival of art & learning 1300-1600

Renaissance Began: Italy Why There: Thriving cities Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage (Greece & Rome)

Humanism An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements Popularized the study of humanities: History, literature, & philosophy

Secular Worldly rather than spiritual- concerned with the here & now Basic spirit of Renaissance society- even church leaders

Renaissance Man Well-educated Charming Create art Skilled rider, swordsman, etc

Renaissance Woman Know the classics Charming Inspire art

Leonardo Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

Raphael Painter Realism School of Athens

Machiavelli The Prince (1513) Political guidebook Unconcerned with what is morally right, but what was politically effective

The Prince

The Northern Renaissance Italian Renaissance ideas blended with northern traditions Advanced by monarchs

Elizabeth I Reigned from 1558-1603 Patron of William Shakespeare among others

The printing Press Johann Gutenberg Incorporated new technologies First printed book: The Bible

Legacy of the Renaissance- Arts New techniques in art More realistic paintings & sculpture More secular subjects Writers using vernacular languages

Legacy of the Renaissance- Society Printing Press- HUGE! IMPACTS EVERYTHING! People began to question political structures & religious practices

the reformation Causes: Social Political Economic Religious

Social Causes Renaissance values of humanism & secularism led people to question the church Printing press spread ideas

Political Causes Power struggle- Church vs. Monarchs Rulers challenged Pope’s authority

Economic Causes European monarchs jealous of Church’s wealth Resentment over paying taxes to the Church

Religious Causes Corrupt Church leaders Unacceptable practices- ex: selling indulgences

Martin Luther 95 Theses Actions began the Reformation

Luther’s Teachings People could win salvation only by faith or forgiveness- not good deeds Church teachings should be based on the Bible only- not Church traditions All people in faith were equal- don’t need priests to interpret for them

Response: The Church Excommunicated Luther

Response: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a Catholic Declared Luther a heretic & outlaw (Edict of Worms)

Response: peasants German peasants revolted Inspired by ideas of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom Revolt was crushed, peasants felt betrayed

Response: German princes Princes who supported Luther’s ideas signed a protest against Princes who were against him They became known as Protestants

Protestant Christians who belong to non-Christian churches

Henry VIII

Henry VIII Devout Catholic Desire for a son Pope denies request for annulment Did not want to offend HRE Charles V (Catharine's nephew)

Henry VIII Solution: Act of Supremacy ending Pope’s authority in England Henry now head of the Church

Henry VIII Marries a total of 6 times Daughter, Mary, with Catherine of Aragon (Wife 1) Daughter, Elizabeth, with Anne Boleyn (Wife 2) Son, Edward, with Jane Seymour (Wife 3)

Henry VIII’S children Edward Became king at 9 years old- ruled for 6 years Guided by (Protestant) advisers Protestant Reofrms

Henry VIII’S children Mary Catholic Returned English Church to the rule of the pope Executed many Protestants

Henry VIII’S children Elizabeth I Set up the Church of England- or, Anglican Church Goal: Please Protestants & Catholics

Elizabeth i Brought a level of religious peace Threat of being overthrown by supporters of Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic)

REFORMATION CONTINUES Protestant religion became more established, organization more formal Won many followers Calvinists, Presbyterians, Anabaptists, etc.

Catholic Reformation Movement within the Catholic Church to reform Jesuits Council of Trent- Meeting to refine Church doctrine

Jesuits Religious order Formed schools Convert non-Christians to Catholicism

Council OF Trent Church’s interpretation of Bible is final Christians need good work and faith for salvation Bible and Church Tradition Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

Religious effects of the reformation Protestant churches flourished & new denominations developed Catholic Church became more unified

Social effects of the reformation Greater emphasis on education More schools & universities Women hoped to see status improve- but it stayed the same

Political effects of the reformation Individual monarchs & states gained power Catholic Church’s moral & political authority declined Questioning of beliefs & authority will lay groundwork for the Enlightenment