The Lakota Before Contact with the Americans

A Necessity of Life for Plains Indians Buffalo A Necessity of Life for Plains Indians

A Necessity of Life for Plains Indians Buffalo A Necessity of Life for Plains Indians

Drying Buffalo Hides (teepees, clothes, saddles)

Native Americans on the Plains Tribes ( ) in plains and ________ are ______ _____. They follow_____ herds. Major source of ____, _____, _____. Indians are completely dependent on it. Cheyenne, Lakota, Dakota Black Hills nomadic hunters buffalo food clothing shelter 1.

Fort Laramie Treaty

General William Sherman Fort Laramie Treaty General William Sherman

General Sherman: Used “Total War” against Atlanta

Atlanta Ruins resources enemy Total War: Destroy all ________ that could be used by _______ to continue fighting. resources enemy 2.

General Sheridan: Used “Total War” against Virginia

Native Americans Agree To: United States Agrees to: Fort Laramie Treaty: Native Americans Agree To: United States Agrees to:  hunt and live on a limited area, but they can own the land forever can negotiate treaties with US  give money, domestic animals, agricultural tools, and other goods to Native Americans 3.

Pike’s Peak

Pike’s Peak = Gold

Miners flock to Pike’s Peak and invade Native American Treaty land to mine gold

The Effects of the Gold Rush on Native Americans

Colorado Springs, at base of Pike’s Peak

(65 years after discovery of Gold) Colorado Springs, 1925 (65 years after discovery of Gold)

Check For Understanding: 1. What animal were the plains Indians completely dependent on?

TOTAL WAR Check For Understanding: 2. What tactic did Sherman and Sheridan use to defeat the South? TOTAL WAR

Check For Understanding: 3. Why did many American settlers ignore the Fort Laramie Treaty and move onto reservation land?

Chivington (Sand Creek) Massacre

Col. John Chivington: “The Cheyennes will have to be roundly whipped -- or completely wiped out -- before they will be quiet. I say that if any of them are caught in your vicinity, the only thing to do is kill them."

Chivington to Church Deacons: Chivington Massacre: Chivington to Church Deacons: "It simply is not possible for Indians to obey or even understand any treaty. I am fully satisfied, gentlemen, that to kill them is the only way we will ever have peace and quiet in Colorado."

Black Kettle Negotiated peace settlement with US Army two months before Sand Creek Massacre

Black Kettle to US Forces: Chivington Massacre: (Sand Creek Massacre) Black Kettle to US Forces: “I want you to give all the chiefs of the soldiers here to understand that we are for peace, and that we have made peace, that we may not be mistaken by them for enemies.

Chivington Massacre: (Sand Creek Massacre) I have not come with a little wolf’s bark, but have come to talk plain with you.... [W]hen I go home and tell my people that I have taken your hand and the hands of all the chiefs here in Denver, they will feel well.”

white American 163 Chivington Massacre: (Sand Creek Massacre) Indians at Black Kettle’s camp were flying both ______ flags and the ____________ flag. Chivington’s men open fire anyway, and kill at least ____ Indians. Some bodies mutilated and sexually abused. white American 163 4.

Chivington’s men had four 12 pound cannons.

4 tons punished not guilty Chivington Massacre: (Sand Creek Massacre) 4 tons punished not guilty Army pours over _______ of ammunition into Indians. Congress suggests Chivington should be __________. Military court finds Chivington ____________ of any crimes. He goes unpunished. 5.

Red Cloud “When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him”

Carlisle Indian School Note: In Lakota culture a short hair cut is a sign of being a coward.

Custer attacks Black Kettle’s Winter Quarters

US General George Custer Leads a “_______” expedition into the _________. His men find _____. Custer protects rights of _______ and violates rights of _________. scientific gold miners Black Hills Indians 6.

Custer’s Army Heads West * (Page 9) Custer’s Army Heads West

Little Big Horn

Little Bighorn: non-treaty reservations presence Indians “treaty” thousand. 3or 4 Several “___________” Indians refuse to give up land. They oppose the army's __________ on _______________. Custer tries to subdue __________. They are joined by __________ Indians to form a force of _____ __________. 7.

Graves of Custer’s Men

Little Bighorn: destroy no worst defeat more troops The forces of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull completely ________ Custer’s army. There are ____ survivors. At the time, the battle is the ______ ______ in Army history. But, as a result, the US will send _____ _______. destroy worst defeat no more troops 8.

The Aftermath of Little Big Horn

Check For Understanding: 1. What Native American Chief tried to make a peaceful treaty with the US Government before the Chivington (Sand Creek) Massacre? Black Kettle

George Custer Check For Understanding: 2. Who led US forces at the Battle of Little Bighorn? George Custer

Captured and ______ while in captivity. He was _______ in the ______. Crazy Horse Captured and ______ while in captivity. He was _______ in the ______. killed stabbed back. 9.

Sitting Bull Is ______ when army forces try to capture him. His followers join _________. killed Big Foot 10.

Goes through heart of Indian’s Land * (Page 9) Transcontinental Railroad Goes through heart of Indian’s Land

“Cow Catcher”

“Cow Catcher”

Hired by train companies to hunt buffalo. William Cody Hired by train companies to hunt buffalo. “Buffalo Bill” Commercial buffalo hunters may kill as many as ____ buffalo in an hour. As many as _____________ a year. 100 2 to 3 million 11.

Hides of Slaughtered Buffalo * (Page 9)

food shelter clothing starve death Effect on Native Americans: Loss of ______, ______, and ________. Many ______ to _______. food shelter clothing starve death 12.

Wovoka: Native American Prophet who believed in the Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance

The Ghost Dance Ceremonial Dress: Thought to have the magical power to protect wearer from bullets

Check For Understanding: Name two Native American warriors who fought in the Battle of Little Bighorn. Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull

Check For Understanding: 2. How did the US government react to the Battle of Little Bighorn? The US army relentlessly chase Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull and intimidate non-reservation Indians.

Army looking for followers of _________ who have joined Bigfoot. Sitting Bull 13.

Wounded Knee: Bigfoot’s Ghost Dance Sitting Bull machine guns 150 370 freeze death Army comes to _______ camp looking for followers of _________. Indians are taking part in ____________ ceremonies. Army, using _______ ____ fire on Indians. Between ____ and _____ killed. Others flee into countryside and _______ to _______. 14.

Cavalry with Machine Guns * (Page 9) Cavalry with Machine Guns

Chief Bigfoot, frozen to death Wounded Knee Chief Bigfoot, frozen to death

Wounded Knee

Wounded Knee

Wounded Knee

Chief Joseph

The Flight of the Nez Perce 1855: Nez Perce sign treaty giving them _____________ acres. 1860: ______ is discovered on Nez Perce land. 1863: New treaty reduces Nez Perce land to _________acres. ____________ refuses to recognize smaller reservation. 7,000,000 Gold 700,000 Chief Joseph 15.

The Flight of the Nez Perce 1876: __ _______ kill a Nez Perce Indian and are found ___ _____. 1877: May: Army tries to force _________ onto reservation. June: ___ Nez Perce warriors kill ___settlers living nearby. 3 4 settlers not guilty Joseph 4 16.

The Flight of the Nez Perce 1877: June: ____ US soldiers go after Nez Perce. ___ days later a battle ensues killing ___ soldiers and ___ Indians. July: Knowing they will be hunted and killed, Chief Joseph tries to lead followers to __________. 80 3 37 Canada 17.

The Flight of the Nez Perce 1877: Nez Perce embark on ______ mile journey, followed by US Army. Over ____ separate battles are fought. Oct.: Chief Joseph, with ____ Nez Perce surrender to US Army ___ miles from Canadian border. 1,000 20 380 40 18.

Route taken by Nez Perce was dictated by rough mountain terrain.

Chief Joseph I am tired of fighting.  Our chiefs are killed.  Looking Glass is dead.  The old men are all dead.  It is the young men who say yes or no.   It is cold and we have no blankets.  The little children are freezing to death.  My people, some of them, have run away to the hills and have no blankets, no food. 

Chief Joseph No one knows where they are--perhaps freezing to death.  I want to have time to look for my children and see how many I can find.  Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs.  I am tired.  My heart is sick and sad.  From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.

The Effects of American Progress on Native Americans

Family Life in the Frontier West