Chapter 15 Section 5: Roots of Revolution World Revolutions: China 2:22 – 8:00

1. Chinese turned down Britain’s request Have no value or use for country’s manufactures “…we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.” Isolation: position of strength Effects: Europe surpassed Chinese developments

2. Two developments of the 1700s Qing Dynasty entered long period of decline Slow to modernize (video: Era of Qing) Lose of land to foreigners, high taxes, increasing peasant population, limited land, food shortages, corruption, civil service examine archaic Industrial Revolution (Europe): British East Indian Co. Military superiority to challenge the Chinese

3. Define Kowtow A low bow The British refused to kowtow to the Emperor because: they no longer accepted their inferior status resented being restricted to Macao & Guangzhou for trade Chinese lost position of strength

4. Causes of the Opium War Late 1700s-1839 (Video) Britain began selling Opium to China trade imbalance and economic problems The Chinese tried to halt opium trade by instituting harsh penalties (death) to traders and users The Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium and a war started

5. Results of the Opium War Chinese were no match for the British Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars Unequal treaty: favored imperialist China opened to the west Imperialism begins Extraterritoriality: principle of allowing westerners accused of a crime in China to be tried in special, western-run courts instead of Chinese courts Emperor had to pay for destroyed Opium British gained control of Hong Kong

5. Results of the Opium War AND Increased Foreign influence in China Spheres of Influence: area of a country in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges and political influence (p.345) Sino-Japanese War: Japan expanded into China

6. What failed policy allowed equal access to trade with China? Open Door Policy Supported by US John Hay’s proposal for called for the establishment of equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity meaning that the country should not be carved up and minimize the power of those nations with existing spheres of influence.

7. Major Causes of Unrest Foreign control/loss of territory Weakened Qing Dynasty

8. A. Taiping Rebellion the most serious peasant uprising against the Qing Dynasty; lasted 14 years (1851) Causes: Displeasure with Qing rule effects more than 20 million deaths Beginning of long, slow revolution Battle between adopting western technology and keeping Confucian culture

8A. Taiping Rebellion More Effects: Hundred Days of Reform: modernize Reformers wanted to introduce modern technology to China as well as preserve culture Set up factories & dockyards to produce modern weapons Guang Xi supported the Hundred Days of Reforms Reforms ended with Ci Xi believed that changes threatened the traditional Confucian order

8B. Boxer Rebellion (Video) "Fists of Righteous Harmony" 1900 Causes: Anti-Foreign Foreign missionaries and business people vs. anti-foreign Chinese, Fists of Righteous Harmony, or Boxers Boxers with encouragement from the empress Ci Xi attacked and killed missionaries and business people

Countries Warships (units) Marines (men) Army (men) Japan 18 540 Troops of the Eight nations alliance in 1900. Left to right: Britain, United States, Russia, British India, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, Japan. Countries Warships (units) Marines (men) Army (men) Japan 18 540 20,300 Russia 10 750 12,400 United Kingdom 8 2,020 10,000 France 5 390 3,130 United States 2 295 3,125 Germany 600 300 Austria–Hungary 4 296 Italy 80 Total 54 4,971 49,255

8B. Boxer Rebellion Effects: Western armies destroyed the revolt On August 14, 1900, an international force finally captured Beijing, relieving the foreigners and Christians besieged there since June 20. While foreign troops looted the capital, the empress dowager and her court fled to Xi’an, leaving behind a few imperial princes to conduct the negotiations. After extensive discussions, a protocol was finally signed in September 1901, ending the hostilities and providing for reparations to be made to the foreign powers Effects: Western armies destroyed the revolt Occupation: China was forced to allow foreign troops on Chinese soil Forced to allow foreign warships in Chinese waters

8C. Revolution of 1911 Causes: Qing Dynasty collapsed soon after Ci Xi’s death – end of dynastic rule 1911 China declared itself a republic, ending ancient system of imperial rule Civil War raged because there was no well organized government to replace the Qing Dynasty

8C. Revolution of 1911 Effects: End Dynastic rule new republic Dr. Sun Yatsen helped to organize the Nationalist party Father of Modern China Civil War raged because there was no well organized government to replace the Qing Dynasty

9. Founder of Guomindang Dr. Sun Yatsen Guomindang: Nationalist Party Goals: “Three Principles of the People” Called for nationalism Supported democracy Ensuring a decent living for all Chinese

10. New leader of Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek Nationalists faced challenged to their authority Educated, business, urban Chinese felt strong ties to their own families and had little loyalty to a national state

11. Chinese Communist Party CCP joined forces with the Nationalist to expel foreigners and fight the warlords for a time Chiang moved against the communists & killed thousands of their supporters Mao Zedong emerged as leader of the Chinese Communists Peasant/farmer

12. Long March Causes: Chiang launched a fierce campaign to rid China of the Communists Communists fled from Chiang’s armies in 1934 Moved over 6,000 miles from southeastern China to northwestern province of Shaanxi to regroup 90,000 set out on the “Long March,” only 7,000 survived

12. Long March Effects: While Chiang was battling the Communists, the Japanese invaded China Seized Manchuria Many Chinese called for Chiang and Mao to set aside differences and fight the Japanese together Symbol of the bitter hardships Communists endured before they eventually gained power regroup

Japanese Invasion – 1930s Mao and Chiang combine forces to remove Japanese Rape of Nanking: In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of people–including both soldiers and civilians–in the Chinese city of Nanking (or Nanjing). The horrific events are known as the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking, as between 20,000 and 80,000 women were sexually assaulted – Link Communists win control of government after WWII