By Daria Khotskaia and Jaclyn Nguyen Rise of Japan and Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) By Daria Khotskaia and Jaclyn Nguyen

People, places, and things! Unequal treaties – Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, any series of treaties in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights to foreign imperialist powers like Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, the United States, and the USSR. Meiji Restoration – Rebellion started in 1866; resulted in the restoration of Imperial power. Commodore Perry versus Samurai. Took place at Tokugawa. Goal was to demonstrate power over Japan. Led to rapid industrialization of Japan, removal of feudalism. 3. Sun Yat-sen– led a revolution against the Qing Dynasty, overthrew Emperor Pu-yi (1911), becomes president of the Chinese Republic. Coined the “Three Principles of the People”. 4. Pu-yi - abdicated in 1912; later installed as President in 1932; from 1934 to 1945 was emperor of puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria. After WWII, captured and tried. 5. KMT – Chinese nationalist party, reorganized by Sun Yat-sen in the 1920s with the aid of Chiang Kai-shek. Transformed China into a one-party ruled democratic state.

Cont… 6. Zhou Enlai - became member of the Communist Party in 1920. Returned to China in 1924; appointed vice director of the political training dept. at the Whampoa Military Academy. Supported the Russian position; became convinced that the CCP. Member of the Long March. Second in command to Mao. 7. Mao Tse-tung – original founder of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. Also a member of the KMT and was convinced that revolution has to be based on the peasants. 8. USSR – aided Sun Yat-sen in 1923 after Britain and America failed to help. Relations with the Soviet Union began as they promised reform under Communism. 9. Chiang Kai-shek – appointed leader of Whampoa Military Academy by Sun Yat-sen in 1924, enters Beijing 1928. Made Nanking the capital of China, ruler of China by 1930.

10. Northern Expedition 1926-1928 – Chiang Kai-shek became leader of the Northern expedition (1926). Goal was to unite northern and southern China despite warlord control. The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) was set up by Chiang, accepted by the Chinese peasants and was far more organized than the warlords. Chiang Kai-shek also having much distaste for Communism wanted to purge the KMT through execution and/or imprisonment. The division between the KMT and Communist Party is considered to be the “kick start” of the Chinese Civil War.

11. Mukden Incident Beginning in 1930, China and Japan collided in Manchuria over land gain. Japan valued Manchuria for its natural resources (i.e. iron ore, coal, grain). Japanese soldiers staged an explosion on the Manchurian railway...said it was in self defense. By 1932, occupation of Manchuria was complete, renamed Manchukuo…proclaimed independent after Pu-yi was put in place as last Manchu Emperor. Led to Chiang’s “unification before resistance.”

12. Lytton Report China appeals to LoN because of Japan/Manchuria. International commission assigned – Lord Lytton (British diplomat). Other members were from Italy, Germany, US, and France. 1932 – fact finding mission – 6 weeks in Manchuria, interviewing both people and officials from Japan and China. Report stated that aggression on Japan’s behalf should cease and that the territory be given back to China. LoN adopted Lytton Report but didn’t enforce it. Japan leaves LoN in 1933 because of the demand to cease aggression and withdraw. League shown to be ineffective.

Events, Events, Events!!! Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) - outlawed war as an instrument of national policy, unless in need of self-defense in the case of an attack. Commission of Enquiry to East and Southeast Asia – Sept. 1929, dispatched by League of Nations to investigate China’s opium problem. Economic issue and well as health ones were found. 1932 - Japan bombed Shanghai.

16. Long March 1934-1936 Between 1930 to 1934 nationalists, under Chiang Kai-shek, launched a series of 5 encirclement campaigns against the USSR. Under Mao, Communists used guerilla tactics to resist. Hundreds of thousands of peasants were killed/died from starvation. October 1934-October 1935 was a journey of 6,000 miles in which Communist army forces fled their bases in Jiangxi province in South China. Surrounded by the Nationalist army of Chiang Kai-shek, some 80,000 soldiers, soldiers of the Red Army escaped and headed north. Only 8,000-9,000 survived. New Communist base in Yenan established. This is the central event in Chinese revolutionary mythology. Mao announces he is Communist.

Cont… 17. Sian (Xian) Incident – 1936, Manchurian warlord and KMT general, Zhang Xueliang, captured Chiang Kai-shek. Both him and general Yang Hucheng opposed Chiang’s policy of non-resistance towards Japan and instead focusing on Mao and Communists. Zhou Enlai went to Sian to represent the CCP. Chiang agreed to a united front and allowed the CCP to join. 18. United Front (1937) – proposed by the CCP to deal with the threat of Japan while Chiang Kai-shek was ignorant to public opinion and dealt with the Communist issue. The USSR also joined the cause. Negotiations between Kai-shek and the CCP for a united front occurred. Both sides agreed to abide by the Marxist/socialistic policies and in turn, the Red Army would be recognized as a national army. 19. Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937 – official start of WWII in Asia. 20. USSR – Chinese (ROC) Non-aggression Pact 1937 – signed. 21. Rape of Nanking (Massacre at Nanking) 1937 – Japanese butcher and rape thousands, leaving Nanking one mass grave. Chiang moved his government west, eventually settling in Chungking.

22. Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 KMT forces were 2x the size of CCP forces. At the end of the war, CCP controlled most of the countryside in Manchuria. U.S. had airlifted KMT troops into major cities in Manchuria, KMT asked Soviet troops to remain  KMT slowly gained control on Manchuria, moved CCP out (1946). March 1947 – KMT captures Yenan; Mao and leaders fled, pursued by KMT Agrarian Reform Law 1947 – land/property confiscated from landowners; in a few months 100,000 peasants gained land. Guerilla forces attacked KMT supply lines; avoided large battles unless high chances of success. 1948 – Mao decides to rely on both guerilla and regular military. By 1948, KMT forces split and is isolated.; supplies brought in by aircraft. 1948 – KMT forces surrender (some even defect to the Communists and bring equipment to the CCP. January 1949 – Mao’s troops capture Beijing, more KMT joins the CCP. Mao and troops move into central China, capture Nanjing (KMT capital) in April. Afterwards, army moves into southern China. Mao declares the starts of the People’s Republic of China Oct. 1, 1949. Chiang and KMT move to Taiwan December 1949.