Biology 1 Inside the body Learning outcomes Most human cells are like most other animal cells and have the following parts: nucleus − controls the activities of the cells and contains genetic material cytoplasm – where most chemical reactions take place cell membrane – controls the passage of substances in and out of cells. Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function e.g. sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells inside the body. A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure and function. Organs are aggregations of tissues performing similar functions. Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together. The human circulatory system consists of the heart, which pumps blood around the body (in a dual circulatory system) and blood, which transports oxygen, proteins and other chemical substances around the body. What are our key body systems?
 What do cells look like? Why is our body so complicated? 
 What is cancer and what causes it? © Hodder & Stoughton 2017

Biology 1 Britain’s big problem Learning outcomes The human digestive system contains a variety of organs: salivary glands stomach liver gall bladder pancreas small intestine large intestine. Enzymes are used to convert food into soluble substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. What is a healthy diet?
 What chemicals do our foods contain? How can I make a high energy biscuit? What does our gut look like? Why are enzymes important? © Hodder & Stoughton 2017

Biology 1 Going faster Learning outcomes Respiration releases the energy needed for living processes and is represented by the equation glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) Lifestyle can have an effect on people’s health e.g. diet and exercise are linked to obesity; smoking to cancer; alcohol to liver and brain function. A healthy diet contains the right balance of the different foods you need and the right amount of energy. People who exercise regularly are usually fitter than people who take little exercise. How strong are my muscles? How does respiration give us energy? Who would be a blood donor? What does our heart look like? © Hodder & Stoughton 2017

Biology 1 Diseases Learning outcomes Infectious (communicable) diseases are caused by microorganisms called pathogens. These may reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce poisons (toxins) that make us feel ill. Viruses damage cells in which they reproduce. White blood cells help to defend against bacteria by ingesting them. Medical drugs are developed and tested before being used to relieve illness or disease. Antibiotics, including penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body, but cannot be used to kill viruses.
 Vaccination involves introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies so that if the same pathogen re-enters the body, antibodies can be produced rapidly. What makes us ill? How do vaccinations work? How are medicines tested? © Hodder & Stoughton 2017

Biology 1 Controlling the body Learning outcomes The human body has automatic control systems that may involve nervous responses or chemical responses coordinated by hormones. Reflex actions are automatic and rapid. Hormones are secreted by glands and are transported to their target organs by the bloodstream. Several hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman, including some that are involved in promoting the release of an egg. The uses of hormones in controlling fertility include: giving oral contraceptives containing hormones to stop eggs from maturing giving ‘fertility drugs’ to stimulate eggs to mature. How fast are my reaction times? How can I keep cool in the summer? What do hormones do? What is the menstrual cycle? © Hodder & Stoughton 2017