The Human Body: An Orientation Objectives Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Anatomy & Physiology Overview A. Maintaining Life D. Body Systems C. Language of Anatomy F. Levels of Organization B. Homeostasis E.

A. An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts 2. PHYSIOLOGY study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy and Physiology are closely intertwined, knowing the structure and shape allows one to understand how the body works

3. Levels of Study a. Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable 1 2 4 3 a. Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable

3. Levels of Study b. Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope

B. Levels of Structural Organization Click on the house to go back to the home page

Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Click on the image to go back to slide 11

Skeletal Supports and protects body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Click on the image to go back to slide 11

Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Click on the image to go back to slide 11

Nervous Sends & receives messages Brain Nervous Sends & receives messages Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Spinal cord Click on the image to go back to slide 11 Nerves

Cardio- vascular Heart Transports materials in the body via blood, pumped by the heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Blood vessels Click on the image to go back to slide 12

Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect) Thymus gland Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Adrenal glands Pancreas Testis (male) Click on the image to go back to slide 12 Ovary (female)

Lymphatic Houses WBC’s Disposes of debris/bacteria/ tumor cells Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Houses WBC’s Disposes of debris/bacteria/ tumor cells Involved in immunity Click on the image to go back to slide 11 Lymphatic vessels

Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Respiratory Trachea Bronchus Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Left lung Click on the image to go back to slide 12

Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Digestive Small intestine Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Large intestine Rectum Click on the image to go back to slide 13 Anus

Urinary Eliminates wastes Maintains acid – base balance Kidney Eliminates wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials such as Water Electrolytes Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Click on the image to go back to slide 13

Reproductive Production of offspring Female Male Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Penis Vas deferens Testis Vagina Scrotum Click on the image to go back to slide 13 Female Male Production of offspring

8 - Necessary Life Functions 1. MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES 2. MOVEMENT *Locomotion *Movement of substances D. Maintaining Life 3. RESPONSIVENESS *Ability to sense changes and react

8 - Necessary Life Functions 4. DIGESTION *Break-down *Delivery of nutrients 5. METABOLISM *Production of energy *Making body structures D. Maintaining Life 6. EXCRETION *Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

8 - Necessary Life Functions 7. REPRODUCTION *Production of future generation D. Maintaining Life 8. GROWTH *Increasing of cell size and number

Nutrients Oxygen D. Maintaining Life Water Pressure Survival Needs *Chemicals for energy & cell building *Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen *Required for chemical reactions D. Maintaining Life Water *60–80% of body weight *Provides for metabolic reaction Temperature *Stable body temperature Pressure *Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

E. Homeostasis *Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium *Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (how the body responds to changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis) Relies on communication chiefly through nervous (nerves deliver electrical signals) and endocrine (chemical signals—hormones) systems

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus Receptor Responds to changes in the envir. (stimuli) Sends information to control center Control Center Determines set point & analyzes info Determines appropriate response

Modify: Create blanks and use as a teaching tool (or better, a worksheet, where students must fill in the blanks)

2 Feedback Mechanisms 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Organisms maintain homeostasis by using feedback mechanisms Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body, this only occurs in external blood clotting and birth of a baby 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Negative feedback- product turns off production Positive Feedback–product increases production

f. Language of aNATOMY Exact terms are used for: Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Position Direction Regions Structures Exact terms are used for:

1. Orientation & Directional Terms The forehead is SUPERIOR to the nose INFERIOR INFERIOR 1. Orientation & Directional Terms SUPERIOR SUPERIOR The navel is INFERIOR to the breastbone

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR POSTERIOR The heart is POSTERIOR to the breastbone ANTERIOR POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR POSTERIOR The breastbone is ANTERIOR to the spine Anterior/ Ventral Posterior/Dorsal

MEDIAL LATERAL LATERAL MEDIAL The arms are LATERAL to the chest The heart is MEDIAL to the arm

The armpit is INTERMEDIATE to the breastbone and shoulder DEEP INTERMEDIATE SUPERFICIAL The armpit is INTERMEDIATE to the breastbone and shoulder The lungs are DEEP to the rib cage The skin is SUPERFICIAL to the skeleton

PROXIMAL DISTAL The elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist The knee is DISTAL to the thigh

Orientation & Directional Terms

Orientation & Directional Terms

Orientation & Directional Terms

2. Body Planes Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) (c) Transverse

3. Body Cavities

Abdomino- pelvic Major Organs Abdomino- pelvic Quadrants Abdomino- pelvic Regions

4. Body Landmarks 4. Body Landmarks Frontal Cephalic Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) KEY: Thorax Abdomen (a) Anterior/Ventral Upper limb Acromial Deltoid Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) 4. Body Landmarks 4. Body Landmarks

4. Body Landmarks Cephalic Upper limb Occipital (back of head) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm) Manus (hand) Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Fibular Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Occipital (back of head) Cephalic Cervical Back (dorsal) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Sural (calf) KEY: Back (Dorsum) 4. Body Landmarks

4. Body Landmarks Cephalic Frontal Cephalic Upper limb Upper limb Orbital Occipital (back of head) Acromial Nasal Buccal Deltoid Cervical Oral Brachial (arm) Mental Antecubital Cervical Olecranal Back (dorsal) Scapular Thoracic Antebrachial (forearm) Sternal Vertebral Axillary Carpal (wrist) Lumbar Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Sacral Digital 4. Body Landmarks Pelvic Gluteal Inguinal (groin) Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Popliteal Crural (leg) KEY: Sural (calf) Thorax Fibular Abdomen Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Digital Plantar (a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal