Bellringer: 11/30 and 12/1 1. Pick up the paper(s) by the door. 2. Find your name on the papers on the desks. 3. Begin working on the Athens vs. Sparta comparison paragraph you picked up. Read pages 104 (start at “Culture of Classical Greece”) to 109 (end at beginning of “Greek Religion” section) in your DUIKER textbook

After Athens v. Sparta comp.: 1. Update your ToC: Page 59: Notes – Peloponnesian War Page 60: Simulation Worksheet Page 61: Greece Unit Study Guide 2. Write down your HW: Study for your Persian Wars/Golden Age quiz NEXT CLASS; read pages 104 (start at “Culture of Classical Greece”) to 109 (stop at “Greek Religion” section) in your DUIKER textbook. Read pages 104 (start at “Culture of Classical Greece”) to 109 (end at beginning of “Greek Religion” section) in your DUIKER textbook

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) Ms. Allen 2016-17 Pre-AP World History

Setting the Stage for War Persian War = Greek city-states uniting together Why is this kind of an amazing feat? This camaraderie will not last for a long time Tensions between city-states = arise, especially between Athens and Sparta (and Athens and many other city- states)

What do we know about Athens and Sparta that might make them become at odds with each other? Competing interests Different focuses, values Athens’ role in the Delian League Sparta feeling slighted

Causes of the Peloponnesian War Sparta (and some other city-states) resents domination of Athens in the Delian League (especially post-Golden Age developments) Sparta and Athens = do not like each other (historically) Sparta → develop Peloponnesian League to fight against the Athens-led Delian League Sparta feels that Athens is overstepping its bounds

Peloponnesian War Simulation You and your group are now citizens of one of five Greek city-states. 1) Athens, 2) Sparta, 3) Corinth, 4) Thasos, and 5) Thebes Unfortunately, war is about to break out. Your job is to try and determine how your city-state acted before, during, and after the Peloponnesian War. In the process, you must learn about your new home, what matters to the city-state, and who you think would make a good ally during war.

Peloponnesian War Simulation STEP 1: Read through the information about all 5 city-states, with special focus on your city-state. STEP 2: Figure out what other city-states (2-3) you would want to align with in war.

Peloponnesian War Simulation STEP 3: Ambassadors from your city-state (2 of your group members) will move from city-state to city-state to talk to other city-states about allying together. Make sure people remain at your home base so they can talk with other city-states’ ambassadors. When time is called, you must return to your city-state and all negotiating stops. STEP 4: During this time, you are allowed to make up to 3 treaties with other city-states. If your ambassadors make a deal with another city-state’s ambassador, then you both need to sign each other’s treaty page. YOU CANNOT MAKE A TREATY THAT CONTRADICTS AN EARLIER TREATY THAT YOU MADE!

What are the results? City-state Allied with… Athens  Sparta All but Athens Thebes Thasos, Corinth, and Sparta Thasos Thebes, Sparta Corinth Thebes and Sparta

What are the results in real life? City-state Allied with… Athens Thasos Sparta Corinth, Thebes Thebes Corinth, Sparta Athens (begrudgingly) Corinth Sparta, Thebes

Sparta & Athens: Strategic Differences Sparta = strong army Has a historically strong army, but not a strong navy → Sparta wants no sea-based fighting Sparta won’t even have a navy until after the Peloponnesian War Surround Athens on land - suffocate the army/navy and Athenians by keeping supplies and goods out of the city Athens = strong navy Want to surround Sparta by the sea (avoid much land-based fighting) Surround Sparta’s ports = suffocate Sparta, keep goods out Keep goods, supplies, etc. from reaching Sparta’s army and its civilians

How does the Peloponnesian War play out? War happens in different phases: 1. Archaemedian War Between Athens and Sparta (and allies), lasts ~10 years Ended temporarily with a peace treaty between Sparta/Athens Will pick back up again after each side becomes dissatisfied with the peace terms Sparta gets (again) fed up with Athens’ attitude and sense of superiority 2. War moves to Sicily What happens throughout the war? Much of it is spent in a stalemate with neither side gaining too decisive an advantage to declare a victory

Pericles and the Plague Pericles = leading mind in Athens during Peloponnesian War Pericles takes a defensive strategy on land-based warfare = Athens is trying to wait out and survive Spartan attacks on land Allows Spartan army forces to attack Attica (a Athens ally) while the city and its citizens were behind a well-fortified wall Strategy fails - Why? A plague breaks out behind the walls (brought by fleas, tick infestation) = many die Pericles ends up taking the blame for this = falls out of favor Loss of his leadership → blow for the Athenian cause in the war (have no strong leader)

Siege of Plataea After attacking Attica, Sparta attacks Plataea, an Athens ally This attack = keeps Plataea from providing aid (soldiers, supplies, food) to Athens during the war Eventually the city is sacked by Sparta Sparta gains total control of an important road from Thebes to Megara (city-states)

Thucydides on the Siege of Plataea: After an appeal to the gods Archidamus put his army in motion. First he enclosed the town with a palisade formed of the fruit trees which they cut down, to prevent further egress from Plataea; next they threw up a mound against the city, hoping that the largeness of the force employed would ensure the speedy reduction of the place. They accordingly cut down timber from Mount Cithaeron, and built it up on either side, laying it like lattice-work to serve as a wall to keep the mound from spreading abroad, and carried to it wood and stones and earth and whatever other material might help to complete it.

Athens’ Mistake: The Syracuse Expedition One of Athens’ biggest mistakes in the war 416 BCE: Athenian troops invade Sicily to conquer state of Syracuse (an ally of Sparta) Why do they do this? Hoped to destroy Sparta’s ally and the food they were providing Sparta End result? NOT what Athens wanted Athenian troops are surrounded, defeated, and killed

How it all ends... Athens and Sparta continue fighting for about 10-15 more years after the disaster at Syracuse Eventual result: Sparta = victorious Defeats Athens, starts downfall Athens is forced to live under Spartan law and order Athens gives up its army AND navy

The Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War: Seat of power in Greece changes (Athens → Sparta) Much of Greece = in ruins Greece’s economy and military was weakened Development of Greek culture slowed

How do we know much about the Peloponnesian War? Herodotus = Greek historian who wrote about Persian Wars Thucydides = “scientific” historian – no reference to the gods – human actions cause events His writings are about the Peloponnesian War Believed history (and the events that make up history) were the result of human actions, decisions, and ideas rather than fate or the actions of the gods and goddesses