14.1 Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims.

Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey The Age of Faith Spiritual Revival Starting in the 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival Reformers help restore and expand Church power Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey Founded in 910, this is the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny as it looked in 2004.

Problems in the Church Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

Abbatiale de Cluny- Benedictine monastery, founded in 910 -Sparked a new seriousness about the faith and the Church -Adhered to a holy lifestyle -Most of building destroyed during French Revolution

Medieval Cistercian Monks -Life of hardship -Concentrated on working and self-sufficiency

Pope Gregory VII Takes Notice Spent time at Cluny Says don’t follow priests that are married Fights against simony Defines Church’s position on lay investiture Strengthens position of Pope as head of Church

New Religious Orders Dominican and Franciscan orders form Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor Some new orders for women are founded Can’t travel like the men Still lived in poverty and worked to help the sick and poor like male counterparts St Francis of Assisi

Cathedrals—Cities of God Early Cathedrals Between 800-1100, churches are built in Romanesque style Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

Cluny Abbey in 1700s

Cluny Abbey -Romanesque style -Massive and heavy to hold up the heavy roofs

A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

Gothic Architecture The master builders in France, where the Gothic style originated, developed techniques of structural engineering that were key to Gothic architecture: ribbed vaults that supported the roof’s weight flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick, exterior walls pointed arches that framed huge stained glass windows tall spires that seemed to be pointing to heaven

Stained Glass– Gothic Style

Flying Buttress in Gothic Style -Helped to carry weight -Opened up the walls for large windows

Vaults Romanesque Barrel Vault Gothic Ribbed Vault

The Crusades: The Beginning In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Seljuk Turks Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left) Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II (left), and him preaching the First Crusade (right)

Goals of the Crusades Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe). Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

First Crusade: 1096-1099 Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

Second Crusade: 1147-1148 Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it In 1187, Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior—retakes Jerusalem Left: an artistic representation of Saladin Right: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted” Phillip II of France

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 One is Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of England The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade. 19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey Right: A depiction of Frederick I drowning in the Saleph River in Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle.

The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles: The Later Crusades Fourth Crusade (1200-1204) Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it. The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims Looting of Constantinople, painting by Eugene Delacroix, 1840

The Children’s Crusade The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade. But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed.

A Spanish Crusade Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492 Spain has Inquisition—court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians Inquisition scene of people accused of heresy being tortured.

The Effects of the Crusades Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians