THE ENLIGHTENMENT Draw a small picture, symbol, or other visual that you feel represents what the word means to you. Drawings can be literal or abstract.

Which artistic responses stand out to you and why Which artistic responses stand out to you and why? Which do you feel best capture the concept of enlightenment and why? Are there any common characteristics among the various pieces of art that you can identify? Explain. What came to mind when you first considered the word enlightenment? Did anyone think of the historical period, “The Age of Enlightenment?” What do you already know about this period? Do any of these artistic responses seem to relate to that period? Explain.

What do you see and first notice about this image? What symbols can you identify and what might their meaning be? In what ways does this image connect to the Enlightenment? Can you identify any similarities between this art and the drawings you created at the start of class? If you were going to give this art a title, what would it be and why? Fig.2: Extract from the frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (1772). It was drawn by Charles-Nicolas Cochin and engraved by Bonaventure-Louis Prévost. The work is laden with symbolism: The figure in the center represents truth — surrounded by bright light (the central symbol of the Enlightenment). Two other figures on the right, reason and philosophy, are tearing the veil from truth.

“If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it.”

“Enlightenment” also known as the “Age of Reason” Reason: the power of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments by a process of logic. A time that represented a shift of thinking in late 17th – 18th – century Europe Reason and individualism Reform society using reasoning Challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith Advance knowledge through the scientific method

The Scientific Revolution In the seventeenth century, the Scientific Revolution had provided a new model for solving problems through rational thought and experimentation (secular), rather than on the authority of religion (theological.) RENE DECARTES SIR ISAAC NEWTON This revolution culminated in the seventeenth century with the publication of Sir Isaac Newton’s Principia in 1687, in which a thoroughly mechanical universe was explained through universal laws of motion. Newton, like Descartes, presented a vision of the universe whose most basic workings could be calculated and understood rationally, but which was also the work of a Creator. The triumph of Newtonian science coincided with and helped to produce a fundamental intellectual change. French philosopher, mathematician and scientist who saw man’s ability to reason as the very proof of his Existence “I think, therefore I am,” Discourse on Method, 1637 Descartes rejected all forms of intellectual authority except the conclusions of his own thought, which he then used to prove the existence of God.

Reasoning Provides a Unifying Doctrine Science and rational inquiry now came to be seen as the common ground which reunited men, previously polarized into Catholic or Protestant, in what the Declaration of Independence would call “the pursuit of happiness.” With the right use of reason, all society’s problems could be solved and all mankind could live prosperously and contentedly. This optimism reflected a sense of growing economic opportunity - Europe in the eighteenth century was richer and more populous than ever before. Steady economic growth seemed to bear out the notion that the new key of scientific method could unlock the answers not only to the physical world (as Newton had done), but to theology, history, politics and social problems as well. Using the advances made possible through rational scientific inquiry, farmers pioneered improvements in agriculture and entrepreneurs experimented with new technologies and products.

THOMAS HOBBES & JOHN LOCKE How does one make mankind happy and rational and free? Their basic answer was: by discovering the underlying laws which would organize all knowledge into a clear, rational system, enabling individuals to become enlightened, and the societies in which they live to progress. It was a goal seen as obtainable to the people of the eighteenth century. Science and reason seemed to offer the key to the future, to a kind of paradise which would be realized not in the next world, as the theologians asserted, but in this world, here and now. Two English intellectuals, mathematician Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679) and philosopher John Locke (1632-1704), were among the first to use a scientific approach to study man and his society.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 A mathematician, Hobbes’ political theory was an effort to make politics into an exact science like geometry. Hobbes was an admirer of Galileo’s ideas concerning the nature of the physical world and his studies of motion. Hobbes attempted to apply Galileo’s scientific principles to social theory, reasoning that only matter exists, and that human behavior could be predicted by exact, scientific laws. Hobbes had also been influenced by the English Civil War (1642-1649, when the King Charles I was executed), which he believed was evidence that men were ultimately selfish and competitive. Hobbes wrote the Leviathan in 1651. Leviathan attempted to turn politics into a science, arguing that men could be predicted with mathematical accuracy, and thus regulated. According to the writing of Hobbes, men were motivated primarily by the desire for power and by fear of other men, and thus needed an all- powerful sovereign to rule over them.

John Locke (1632-1704) A generation later the philosopher John Locke developed an entirely different notion of the basic nature of humankind, which he saw as innately good. Locke was a friend of Sir Isaac Newton, and was influenced by Newton’s description of the universe as a vast machine operating by precise, unvarying scientific laws. In Locke’s An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding Book I, Locke writes about how no human is born with any innate knowledge. Locke points out that if there were any innate principles, everyone would confirm them, and there are no principles that everyone agrees on. Locke believes that all knowledge is gained through experience, questioning and reasoning. In Locke’s An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding Book II, Locke expresses his theory of ideas. He attempts to locate the source of all our ideas, which either come through our senses or the mind's reflection. Another main idea in Book II is the identity of a person and its relationship to a person's "consciousness". He argues that the identity of a person rests entirely in consciousness. He expresses his belief that there is nothing like innate knowledge.

Sources: https://18thcenturyminds.wikispaces.com/John+Locke,+An+Essay+Con cerning+Human+Understanding http://www.learner.org/courses/amerhistory/pdf/Enlightenment_LOne. pdf http://www.iep.utm.edu/amer-enl/ http://history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/enlightenment/ http://laventanainternacional.com/2015/06/12/the-differences-between- lockes-and-hobbess-notions-of-the-state-of-nature/