From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Geometry acquisition process, from MRI images analysis to 3-D reconstruction

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Meshing of skeletal muscles. The muscle passive mass component is modeled with viscoelastic solids merged to a set of action lines.

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Schematic illustration of the contraction unit. δ is the instantaneous length of the muscle, A0 the level of activation, and Ta the time of activation.

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Sled acceleration and speed in a frontal impact, from

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Resulting force at insertions for a fully relaxed muscle

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Resulting force at insertions for a fully braced muscle

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Simulated force recorded on the brake pedal (solid) and mean experimental maximal force exerted by volunteers (dashed)

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Simulated joint torques recorded during the emergency braking simulation (solid), and mean maximal joint torques recorded on volunteers (dashed)

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Frontal impact simulation with braced lower limb muscles

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Stress distribution (von Mises) as a function of muscle state, at t=85ms

From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb Date of download: 10/1/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Tonic Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb J Biomech Eng. 2005;128(2):223-228. doi:10.1115/1.2165700 Figure Legend: Illustration of the CU’s toggling phenomenon, for high deformation and activation levels