6- Nonverbal The Nature of Nonverbal Ten Channels of Nonverbal Culture, Sex, and Nonverbal Improving Nonverbal

Nonverbal Behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words. Nonverbal behaviors reinforce verbal communication and communicate all on their own. -tone of voice -facial expression -gestures or body movement -appearance -use of time and space

5 Characteristics Present in most Interpersonal Conversations Signals in many kinds of social situations Over the phone, we make judgments using tone In mediated communication, we use emoticons or other cues (Caps) 2) Often Conveys more information than Verbal 65-70% Nonverbal uses various channels or behavioral forms (senses) 3) Usually believed over Verbal 4) Primary means of communicating Emotion More efficient and more accurate Facial expressions are our most basic emotions and cross-cultural 5) Metacommunicates (communicates about communication) Communicate clearly our intentions

Ten Channels Facial Displays Smell Eye Behaviors Space Movement and Gestures Physical Appearance Time Touch Artifacts Vocal

1. Facial Displays Principle of facial primacy: face communicates more information than any other channel of nonverbal Identity- most reliable clue to identity Attractiveness- assessing Symmetry- similarity between left and right side of face Proportionality- relative size of one’s facial features Pg 192 Fact or Fiction Emotion Women are better at Interpreting emotion by decoding facial expressions Outgoing and extroverted are better at interpreting Ekman: http://www.paulekman.com/ Lie To Me: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVG5AwZph-s

2. Eye Behavior The eyes communicate more than any other part of the face Oculesics- the study of eye behavior Eye contact Pupil size

3. Movement and Gestures The study of movement is Kinesics The use of arm and hand movements is gesticulation Emblems (directly translated/ wave) Illustrators (clarify verbal/ pointing) Affect Displays (communicate emotion or affect/ open jaw) Regulators (control conversation/ raising your hand) Adaptors (satisfy needs/ scratching and itch)

4. Touch/ Haptics Affectionate Touch (hugging, kissing, and handholding) Caregiving Touch (hair cut, teeth cleaned, massage, training) Limited to context Therapeutic Power and Control Touch (assisting or attaining) Aggressive Touch (inflict personal harm) Ritualistic Touch (customary or traditional/ shaking hands)

Research (Knapp, 1972) North Americans- 2 touches an hour British- 0 touches an hour Parisians- 110 touches an hour Puerto Ricans- 180 touches an hour3 Nonverbal Communication How to Read Male Body Language http://www.huffingtonpost.com/vanessa-van- edwards/how-to-read-a-mans-body- l_b_4674615.html%20

5. Vocal(ics)/Paralanguage) Pitch (high or deep) Pronunciation (combination of vowel and consonant sounds) Inflection (variation in pitch) Articulation/ Enunciation (clarity of speech) Volume (loud or quiet) Rate (fast or slow) Accent (pronunciation of a particular language or geographical area) Filler Words (non-word sounds/ “umm” or “er” Silence (absence of sound) Sounds/ Utterances (sigh/ scream) Friends: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvEci5Bjgd4 Music creates particular effects-Ted. Talk: Julian Treasure http://www.ted.com/talks/julian_treasure_the_4_ways_sound_affects_us

6. Smell Olfactics, your sense of smell, affect: Science & Scents: Memories and Mood Remembering a person, place, or event affecting behavior Sexual Attraction Drawn to people whose natural body scent is the most different from our own Body scent signals the brain of genetic similarities (those that smell similar to ourselves) Decreases the chance of producing genetically abnormal children Science & Scents: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-truth-about- pheromones-100363955/?no-ist http://www.cbsnews.com/news/food-preferences-why-we-like- what-we-like/

7. Space/ Proxemics Depends on temperament, situation, and relationship Use of space also indicates power and status Gender may influence who occupies rooms or spaces within a home Use of space is influenced by culture Spatial Zones in Western Culture (Hall, 1969) -Intimate Distance (touching-18 in) -Personal Distance (18 in- 4 ft) -Social Distance (4-12 ft) -Public Distance (12 ft+)

8. Physical Appearance Attractiveness- physical body shape, features, and genes. Halo Effect- predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people Advantages for attractive people (Activity on Board) Dangerous desires to achieve Standards are not universal throughout the world Adornment- changes to appearance Clothing, jewelry, hair-style, tattoos, piercings, cosmetics

9. Time/ Chronemics Monochronic cultures schedule tasks and complete them one by one following a strict agenda US has monochromic time system- time is a commodity We communicate messages based on how we use time Time communicates status or power Polychronic cultures work on several tasks at a time and view time as flexible

10. Artifacts Objects and visual features within an environment that reflects who we are and what we like. House, Apartment, Car, or Office Personal objects we use to communicate something about ourselves They reveal likes and dislikes as well as socioeconomic status, group affiliation, and belief system Color affects mood and disposition (warm- arousing/ cool- calming) http://changingminds.org/disciplines/communication/colo r_effect.htm

Artifacts-Tattoos

Managing Conversations Functions Managing Conversations Expressing Emotions Assisting cues Inviting Conversation: personal space, physical appearance, and eye contact Maintaining Conversation: turn-taking signals Ending Conversation: eye behavior and posture Facial expression and vocal expression (tone)

Maintaining Relationships Functions Maintaining Relationships Forming Impressions Attraction and Affiliation Immediacy Behaviors Power and Dominance Power is the potential to affect another person’s behavior/ Dominance is the act of that potential Artifacts used as Status Arousal and Relaxation Arousal is an increase in energy (excitement or anxiety) Relaxation is decreased energy (contentment or depression) Demographic characteristics: age, ethnicity, and sex Sociocultural characteristics: socio- economic status (mone, education, and career) and cultural and co-cultural groups Personal Appearance is the most accurate

Concealing Information Functions Influencing Others Concealing Information Creating Credibility Appearance (uniforms, tone of voice, eye contact, and gesture) Promoting Affiliation(Closeness and Liking) Touch Interactional Synchrony- mirroring a person’s behavior creating a sense of similarity For your benefit or the benefit of others Smiles (genuine vs. false)/ (eyes vs. corners of mouth) Lying (higher pitch)

Body Language- Documentary Media Example Body Language- Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ0cLIE5YI4

Cultural Influence Emblems (gestures/ thumbs up) Affect Displays Personal Distance Eye Contact Facial Displays Greetings Time Orientation Touch (high-contact vs. low-contact)

Sex Influences Emotional Expressiveness (Women express positive emotions more) Eye Contact (Women engage in more eye contact) Personal Space (Women are approached more closely) Vocalics (Men’s voices have a lower pitch/ Men use more fillers and pause) Touch (Men are more likely to touch/ In same-sex women touch more) Appearance (Adornment)

Improving Nonverbal Communication *Interpreting Nonverbal Communication Expressing Messages Verbally

Interpreting Nonverbal Communication Be Sensitive to Nonverbal Messages 2/3 of behavior is conveyed nonverbally Face communicates more communication Tone of voice is relevant in dominance and deception Decipher the Meaning of Nonverbal Messages Be aware of the situation Keep culture in mind Ask for clarification

Expressing Messages Verbally Learn from Others- spend time with highly expressive people Practice being Expressive- take part in games and activities that exercise your nonverbal expression skills Charades Role-playing