Chapter 1 Notes Pronouns

Pronoun A word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns The antecedent is the word that the pronoun is referring to Example: Why did Oscar give his camera to the film school Personal Pronouns (Pg. 7) First Person: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours Second Person: you, your, yours Third Person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function. This type of pronoun can be removed from the sentence and the sentence without penalty. Reflexive Refers to the subject of a sentence and functions as a complement or object of a preposition. This type of pronoun is always necessary to the understanding of a sentence. First Person: myself, ourselves Second Person: yourself, yourselves Third Person: himself, herself, itself, themselves

Pronouns Demonstrative: is used to point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea This, that, these, those Interrogative: introduces a questions who, whom, which, what, whose Relative: introduces a subordinate clause that, which, who, whom, whose

Indefinite Pronouns Refers to one or more persons, places, ideas or things that may or may not be specifically named Examples: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everyone, everything, few, many, more, most, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, some, somebody, something, such (page 9)

Adjective: a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by telling what kind, which one, or how many Example: What kind?- Gray skies, Irish lace Example: Which one?- either way, those girls Example: How many?- five fingers, fewer hours

Adjective Demonstrative Adjectives: This, that, these, and those Become demonstrative adjectives when they are modifying a noun or pronoun Examples: That shirt, which one, whose hat Pronoun Examples: I like that, either will do

Noun or adjective Many words that can stand alone as nouns can also be used as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns. Common Nouns: cheese, snow, winter Common Nouns used as adjective: cheese sandwich, snow sculpture, winter sale Proper Nouns: Texas, Picasso, Dublin Proper Nouns used as Proper Adjectives: Texas coast, Picasso painting, Dublin streets

Adjectives: Articles The most commonly used adjective is an article Articles: a, an, the These words are seen as adjectives because they are picking out a certain noun Examples: The girl won, An elephant escaped, This is an honor

Verb: a word that is used to express action or a state of being Main Verbs and Helping Verbs Verb phrase consists of at least one main verb and one or more helping verbs A helping verb is also called an auxiliary verb and helps the main verb express action or state of being. Helping verb examples: be, can, do, has, might, should, could, does, have, must, will, did, had, may, shall, would Examples in a sentence: is leaving, had seemed, might have remained, She should not have borrowed

Action verbs Action verb: expresses either a physical or mental action Physical action: write, describe, sit, receive, walk, etc. Mental action: remember, consider, think, understand, believe, know

Linking verb: connects the subject to a word or a word group that identifies or describes the subject Commonly used forms: be, being, shall be, should be, will be, would be, am, has been, can be, is, have been, could be, are, had been, etc. (Pg 17)

Adverbs: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb Adverbs tell where, when, how, or to what extent (how long or how much) Many adverbs end in –ly, but they do not always end in –ly Most frequently used adverbs are too, so, really, and very.

Adverbs Adverbs modifying adjectives Adverbs modifying adverbs Beth did an exceptionally fine job. (what extent) Slightly cooler temperatures are forecast. (what extent) Mr. Lomazzi is an especially talented chef. (what extent) Calvin was almost never there. (what extent) We’ll meet shortly afterward. (what extent) She slept too late. (what extent)

Prepositions: a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word List of prepositions on Pages 28-29 Common trick is to think about everything that you can say about a box or cloud: Around the cloud Through the cloud In the cloud Beside the box Aboard the box Under the box

Preposition Song

Conjunction and interjections Conjunction: A word that joins word or word groups. Coordinating Conjunction: FANBOYS Correlative Conjunction: are pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that re used in the same way. Both…and Not only…but also Either…or Whether…or Neither…nor Interjection: a word that expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Ah, hurrah, uh-oh, wow, aha, oh, well, yahoo, boy-oh-boy, oops, whew, yikes, hey, ouch, whoa, yippee

Capitalization