The Rise of Mass Democracy 1824-1840 Chapter 13

The Election of 1824 Last of the “old style” elections “corrupt bargain” of 1824 All candidates said they were Republicans No real parties None of the four candidates won a majority and the election was thrown to the House

Election of 1824 No one won majority – sent to House Henry Clay dropped out (least votes) He was Speaker of the House and threw election to John Q. Adams Adams named Clay Secretary of State Election was called the “Corrupt Bargain” Jacksonites very angry

John Quincy Adams Adams was a nationalist at a time when the American people were turning from nationalism to states’ rights and sectionalism Americans disapproved of Adams’ nationalism and federally funded programs Adams received less than 1/3 of the vote but was elected President

Election of 1828 Campaign for Andrew Jackson in 1828 started the day Adams took office in 1824 Lasted the entire 4 year term of Adams National Republicans – led by Adams Democratic Republicans – led by Jackson Mudslinging Jackson won 178-83

Tariff of Abominations Tariff protected industry but raised prices for all Americans Middle states supported protective tariffs Tariff passes in 1824 and is increased in 1828 Southerners were touchy about the tariff because they purchased a lot of manufactured goods and they were concerned about Federal interference in the institution of slavery. John C. Calhoun issues the “South Carolina Exposition” called for nullification of the tariff

The Great Compromiser comes to the rescue! Henry Clay proposed a bill that would gradually reduce the tariff by 10% until it reached the levels of 1816 over 8 years Tariff of 1833 squeezed through Congress

Expansion under Jackson Jackson and Democrats were committed to expansion Native Americans in the way in Alabama and Georgia Five Civilized Tribes – Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles 1808 – Cherokee National Council 1828 – GA rules Council illegal

The Trail of Tears Cherokees appeal to Supreme Court Supreme Court rules in favor of Cherokees 3 times Andrew Jackson refused to recognize court’s decision

Trail of Tears 1830 Indian Removal Act – 100,000 Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles were sent to Indian Territory Moved to present day Oklahoma

Trail of Tears 1836 – Bureau of Indian Affairs created to manage relationship between federal government and US Indians Some Seminoles ran into Everglades where descendants now live Many Indians died because of the hardship of the journey to Oklahoma Reservations created to “corral” Indians

Banking National government minted gold and silver but not paper money Jackson vetoed renewal of Bank of US Election issue of 1832 Jackson wins reelection 219-49 Jackson killed bank by pulling all federal deposits from Bank of US

Whigs Emerge The Whig Party emerges in the 1830s as an opposition party to Andrew Jackson Against King Andrew I Turned into potent national party Led by Henry Clay Defenders of “common man”

Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren Hand picked by Jackson Yes man Beat Whig William Henry Harrison Panic of 1837 – financial crisis inherited from Jackson Took the blame

Texas 1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain 1823 – huge land tract granted to Stephen F. Austin

TEXAS Texans remained American 30,000 Texan – Americans by 1835 1833 – Austin imprisoned in MC for negotiating Texans rights 1836 – Texas declares Independence

Texan Independence Mexico trapped and killed 200 @ The Alamo 400 butchered @ Goliad after they surrendered April 21, 1836 – Gen. Sam Houston strategically retreated to San Jacinto Defeated 1,300 Mexicans near present day Houston

Sam Houston Commander of Texas forces 1st president of Republic of Texas (1836-1845) Favored Union with US Texans wanted annexation in 1837 but denied because of slavery issue