Chapter 23: An Era of Social Change

Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality A. Background 1. Latinos are people from Latin American countries. a. Mexico b. Puerto Rico c. Cuba d. Central and South America

2. Although most Latinos share a common language, there are major differences between different groups. Mexican-Americans: largest group. Puerto Ricans: Have US citizenship. Why? Cuban Americans: Fled Communist Cuba.

New Arizona Immigration Law Makes it a state crime to be an illegal immigrant by creating a state charge of "willful failure to complete or carry an alien-registration document." Allows law-enforcement officials to arrest a person without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe the person has committed a public offense that makes him or her removable from the U.S. Makes it a crime to conceal, harbor or shield an illegal immigrant if the person knows or recklessly disregards the immigrant's legal status. Requires law enforcement to make a reasonable attempt "when practicable" to determine the immigration status of a person if reasonable suspicion exists that the person is in the U.S. illegally.

B. Push for Rights 1. Farm Workers Movement a. Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta pushed for the unionization of farm workers. Why? b. Chavez used nonviolent civil disobedience to push California grape owners to allow workers to unionize. 2. In 1965, he launched a nation wide boycott and went on hunger strike.

2. “Brown Power” a. Across the country Latinos began embracing their cultural heritage. b. They pushed for bilingual education, called themselves “Chicanos” and ”Chicanas,” and pushed for better schools.

II. Native Americans A. Push for Rights 1. Traditionally, NA have suffered the highest rates of poverty, unemployment, health problems and suicide rates. 2. In the 1960s, many NA groups organized to fight for better living conditions. Young people formed the American Indian Movement.

3. The AIM pushed for the restoration of burial grounds, land and fishing rights. 4. NA marched on DC and occupied the town of Wounded Knee, SD 5. Congress passed the Indian Education Act (1972) and the Indian Self-Determination Act (1975). Gave tribes more control.

Section 2: Women Fight for Equality

I. Women’s Movement A. Feminism 1. The idea that women should have economic, political and social equality with men. 2. In 1963, the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women reported that women were paid less than men. 3. Average income: 1970: Men—$6,670/Women—$2,237 2000: Men--$33,592/Women—$25, 532

Average Income

B. The Movement Spreads 1. The Civil Rights Act and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission helped women fight discrimination in the workplace. 2. Betty Friedan formed NOW (National Organization for Women) pushed to end gender discrimination in three years NOW had 175,000 members

3. Gains: Higher Education Act: ended gender restrictions in colleges. Roe v. Wade: SC said women have a right to an abortion in the first three months of pregnancy. Equal Rights Amendment (1972): Constitutional amendment that would guarantee men and women have the same rights.

C. Backlash 1. Conservatives felt that the women’s rights movement had gone too far. 2. Many thought that the ERA would open the door for women to be drafted, the break up of families and same-sex marriage.

3. A conservative “pro-family” movement emerged. Known as the New Right. 4. By 1977, the ERA had been ratified in 35 of the 38 states needed. But, the deadline for the amendment’s passage came in 1982 and the ERA failed.

Most Success—Education

Section 3: Culture and Counterculture

I. Culture and Counterculture A. The Counterculture: 1. White middle class youths fed up with war in Vietnam and civil rights injustices. 2. The movement was short lived. 3. Members were called, “Hippies.”

Promoted by Timothy Leary, professor at Harvard, told young people to, “Tune in, turn on, and Drop out!

What is a Hippie? characterized by music, clothing, and drug use. claimed they were expanding their mind. huge contrast to conservatives. some lived in communes. ۞Haight Ashbury: Hippie Capital

B. Decline of the Movement Peace turned into violence as crime rose in cities. 2. It became dangerous to live with druggies. 3. Charles Manson and the “Manson Family.” 4. A lot of Hippies overdosed. Including Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix.

Charles Manson

Jimi Hendrix Janis Joplin Jim Morrison

II. Changing Culture: A. Art: 1. Pop Art: simple depictions. 2. Andy Warhol: bright images, everyday life. 3. Criticism of conservative “cookie cutter” life.

B. Music Music reflected the counterculture. 2. Beatles symbolized change from 50’s music. 3. Woodstock: 3 days of Music and Love…and mud…dirty people, drugs, no food…

C. Conservative Response 1. Some of the country did not appreciate this new wave. 2. Nixon and FBI Hoover said it was terrorism! 3. Bunch of pampered whiny kids!