European Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 17

Section 1-Italy:Birthplace of the Renaissance

Italy’s Advantage Renaissance-Meaning rebirth/revival of the arts and learning (1300 A.D. to 1600 A.D.) Italians wanted to revive the culture of classical Greeks and Romans

Italy’s Advantage Three advantages that made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance Thriving cities Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

Italy’s Advantage Medici Family-Powerful banking family who ruled Florence, Italy during the 1400’s. Acting as patrons they encouraged the arts during the Renaissance

Classical and Worldly Values Humanism- Movement that focused on human potential and achievement Secular-Worldly outlook on life and art rather than spiritual Patrons- People who financially supported the arts

Classical and Worldly Values Renaissance Man- A man well versed in many areas of art and education The Courtier-Book which taught young men how to become Renaissance men Renaissance Woman- Encouraged to be charming and know the classics, and inspire art Not encouraged to seek fame, or create art

The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Perspective-Artistic technique that showed three dimensions on a flat surface

The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Donatello-Artist, poet, sculpture, architect, painter Statue of David the boy 1st free standing nude male sculpture since ancient times Leonardo da Vinci-Painter, sculpture, inventor, scientist Best known for painting the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Raphael-Painted the School of Athens Showed classical influence on the Renaissance

The School of Athens Raphael 1511

Madonna of the Goldfinch Raphael 1506

Madonna and Child with St. Anne Leonardo da Vinci 1513

Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci 1505

The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498

La Pieta Michelangelo 1500

David Michelangelo 1504 censored Did you know that David was supposed to be placed on the top of a church in Florence? It was commissioned by the de Medici family who were so impressed that they decided to leave it in the piazza in front of the church so that the public could see it up close.

Renaissance Writers Change Literature Vernacular-Writing in ones native language (instead of Latin) Niccolo Machiavelli- Wrote The Prince (1513) Explains how a ruler can gain and keep power through misleading and deceive his opponents

Section 2-The Northern Renaissance

Important Stuff from Section 2 Utopia- An ideal place Johann Gutenberg-German craftsman that developed a new printing press Printed a full copy of the Bible Allowed for books to produced cheaply

Important Stuff from Section 2 William Shakespeare-Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age Born 1564 in England Emphasized the humanity through drama and tragedy Shakespeare’s wrote Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Important Stuff from Section 2 Changes in Art- Based on classical Greek and Roman styles Realistic style of art Both secular and religious works were created Writers used vernacular languages Praised individual achievements

Important Stuff from Section 2 Changes in Society- Information became inexpensive and available to the public Cheap books = increased literacy Clarified laws = more people understanding their rights Christian humanists changed views on how life should be lived People began to question political and religious practices

Section 3-Luther Leads the Reformation

Causes of the Reformation (pg. 488) Social Political Economic Religious The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church The printing press helped spread ideas that went against the Church Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth Merchants and others resented having to pay the Church taxes Church leaders were becoming worldly and corrupt Many people found Church practices like the sale of indulgences unacceptable

Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther-Monk and teacher from Germany The 95 Theses-95 statements attacking the “pardon-merchants” 1517-Luther took a public stand against Johann Tetzel’s sale of indulgences Indulgence-Selling releases from the punishment of their sins Reformation-Religious reform and the formation of churches that did not follow the popes lead

Luther Challenges the Church Luther’s Teaching- Salvation through faith alone Catholics believed faith and works = salvation Church teaching should be based on the Bible alone Pope and church traditions = false authority All people with faith are equal People could interpret the Bible for themselves

The Response to Luther 1520-Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther He later did 1521-Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms No one could offer Luther food or shelter Prince Frederick housed Luther during this time he translated the New Testament into German

The Response to Luther Protestant-Christian who belonged to non-Catholic churches Peace of Augsburg-Compromise in which rulers would decide the religion on his state Protestant or Catholic

England Becomes Protestant Annul-Ending a marriage if proof is shown it was never legal (not a divorce)

England Becomes Protestant Henry VIII-King of England Had one daughter (Mary) with wife Catherine and wanted a son Asked the pope for an annulment so he could marry a younger wife Act of Supremacy- Citizens had to take an oath recognizing Henry as the head of England’s Church and his divorce as legal

England Becomes Protestant Elizabeth I-Wanted to restore Protestantism and with the help of Parliament set up the Church of England (Anglican Church) Named the only legal church in England Church of England- Designed to keep Protestants and Catholics happy Priests could marry and give sermons in English Kept rich robes and some Catholic traditions

Section 4-The Reform Continues

Calvin Continues the Reformation John Calvin- Published Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Summary of Protestant theology and religious beliefs Calvinism-Religion based on John Calvin’s teachings

Calvin Continues the Reformation Predestination-God has known since the beginning of time who he wants to save These people were called the “elect” Theocracy-Government controlled by religious leaders

Other Protestant Reformers Anabaptists- “Meaning baptize again” Protestant group who believe people should only be baptized as adults Believed church and state should be separate and they should not fight wars

Catholic Reformation Catholic Reformation-A process of renewing the Catholic Church from within Jesuits-Society of Jesus 3 Focuses- Founded schools in Europe Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop the spread of Protestantism

Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III takes four steps to reform the Catholic Church Investigated the selling of indulgences Approved the Jesuit order Used inquisitions to seek out heretics (non-believers) Called for church leaders to meet at the Council of Trent

Catholic Reformation Council of Trent-Meeting where Catholic cardinals and bishops agreed on several doctrines Only the churches interpretation of the Bible is correct Anyone who tries to interoperate it is a heretic Salvation is achieved by good works and faith Christian life should be guided by church traditions and the bible Indulgences are valid expressions of faith

The Legacy of the Reformation Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Political Effects of the Reformation