STATISTICS AN INTRODUCTION

TIGA JENIS KEDUSTAAN (Disraeli, 1804-1881) Dusta besar Statistika

SAJAK W. H. Auden “Jangan duduk dengan seorang ahli statistika … Atau mempercayai ilmu sosial …”

Misleading Statistics (1)

Misleading Statistics (2)

IMPORTANT TERMS (1) Statistics: the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions. Descriptive statistics: methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative way. Inferential statistics: the methods used to estimate a property of a population on the basis of a sample.

IMPORTANT TERMS (2) Population: the entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements obtained from all individuals or objects of interest. Sample: a portion, or part, of the population of interest.

LEVEL OF data Nominal Ordinal Interval Rasio

PROPERTIES OF NOMINAL LEVEL DATA The variable of interest is divided into categories or outcomes. There is no natural order to the outcomes.

PROPERTIES OF ORDINAL LEVEL DATA Data classifications are represented by sets of labels or names that have relative values. The data classified can be ranked or ordered.

PROPERTIES OF INTERVAL LEVEL DATA Data classifications are ordered according to the amount of the characteristic they possess. Equal differences in the characteristic are represented by equal differences in the measurements.

PROPERTIES OF RATIO LEVEL DATA Data classifications are ordered according to the amount of the characteristic they possess. Equal differences in the characteristic are represented by equal differences in the measurements. The zero point is the absence of the characteristic and the ratio between two numbers is meaningful.

Pertanyaan: Apakah benda seberat 60 kg dua kali beratnya benda yang seberat 30 kg? Apakah benda yang suhunya 600 C dua kali panasnya benda yang suhunya 300 C ?