Blood Made of Average person 4-6L 7.4 pH, acidosis if falls below 7.35 Plasma 55%– liquid part of blood (water, proteins) Formed elements 45%– rbc’s, wbc’s, platelets Buffy coat – wbc and platelets Average person 4-6L 7.4 pH, acidosis if falls below 7.35

Blood types Antigen – substance that stimulates the body to make antibodies, almost always foreign substances that entered from outside the body Antibody – made by the body to help agglutinate (clump) the antigens

Blood types AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO “A” blood type means that it contains a certain antigen on plasma membrane of rbc, present from birth, therefore body does not build antibodies against them. Antibodies for B are present in plasma and there from birth, unknown why

Rh System Rh positive – rbc contains antigen for Rh factor Rh negative – no antigen on rbc Erythroblastosis fetalis – Rh – mom and Rh+ dad, baby is Rh+, can introduce anti Rh antigens into moms body, causing concern in next pregnancy RhoGAM – protein that prevents mom’s body from producing anti Rh antibodies

Blood Plasma Salts, foods, oxygen, carbon dioxide and plasma proteins Albumins – thicken blood Globulins – includes antibodies that protect from infections fibrinogen and prothrombin – clotting Serum – plasma minus the clotting factors

Formed elements Erythrocytes – rbc, 5 million in 1 drop of blood Leukocytes – wbc, 7500 Granular Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Non-granular Lymphocytes monocytes Thrombocytes - Platelets – 300,000

Hematopoiesis - Blood formation Myeloid tissue – Red bone marrow Sternum, ribs, hip bones lymphatic tissue – forms most lymphocytes and monocytes Found in lymph nodes, thymus and spleen Hemoglobin – red pigment, carries oxygen

Blood tests CBC – complete blood cell count, values of each type of cell count, ranges Hematocrit – information on the volume of rbc’s in a blood sample using a centrifuge

Red Blood cell disorders Polycythemia – overproduction of RBC’s Increase viscosity Slows blood flow Can lead to hypertension, coagulation problems, hemorrhages…. Treatment – blood removal, irradiation of bone marrow, chemotherapy treatment to suppress production of RBC’s

Anemia low oxygen carrying capacity of blood (low #’s of RBC’s or problems with hemoglobin) Hemorrhagic – due to hemorrhage or bleeding, acute or chronic Aplastic – destruction of bone marrow, exposure to toxins Pernicious – vit. B deficiency, or intrinsic factor (allows vit B to be absorbed) Iron deficiency – iron is required to make hemoglobin Hemolytic – decreased RBC life span due to increase rate of destruction, sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia

White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Granular Neutrophils – phagocytes Eosinophils – protection against parasite infections, allergic reactions Basophils – react in inflammatory reactions Agranular Lymphocytes – protection, immune mechanism, B (antibodies) and T (attack bacteria) Monocytes – largest, phagocytes

White Blood Cell disorders Multiple myeloma – cancer of B lymphocytes Leukemia – blood cancers affecting the WBCs, elevated WBC levels, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), adult Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), children Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), adults Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) Infectious Mononucleosis – young adults, viral, kissing disease

Platelets and blood clotting Blood clot  injury to vessel  clotting factor released  form prothrombin activator Platelets become sticky at point of injury and form a platelet plug. Platelets release clotting factors Prothrombin is converted to thrombin Thrombin reacts with fibrogen to change into fibrin.

Clotting Vitamin K stimulates liver to produce more prothrombin  faster clot Coumadin – anticoagulant, inhibit synthesis of prothrombin Heparin – inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Clotting disorders Thrombus- clot stays stationary, throbosis Embolus – clot travels, embolism Hemophilia – X-linked disorder, failure to produce clotting factors Thrombocytopenia – decrease in platelet count usually caused by bone marrow destruction due to radiation, drugs, cancer

WBC Count Leukopenia – abnormally low WBC count Leukocytosis – abnormally high WBC count Differential WBC count – each type reported as % of total count