Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism This Power Point presentation accompanies the Mastering the Grade 8 Social Studies TEKS book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran, Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism

Essential Questions What role did “Manifest Destiny” play in westward expansion? Was the U.S.–Mexican War justified? What were the effects of territorial expansion on our nation? Could the divisions created by sectionalism have been avoided? How might the attempt at political compromise have been altered to lessen the threat of Civil War? Can Chief Justice Taney be blamed for the onset of the Civil War?

Sectional Differences Grow

The North Industrial (no slaves) Large Factories Urban Rich owned most and had all the wealth Large Middle Class By 1860 half the population worked in a job other than agriculture Poor and working class lived in bad conditions and also had bad working conditions. Poor women and children worked long hours in factories.

The West (Mid-West) The Midwest became breadbasket states after the National Road and Erie Canal opened. Native Americans were forced out of area for settlers to live. Farming was the main occupation. Other occupations included lumbering, mining gold and silver, and ranching

The West (California) Free State Originally part of Spain and Mexico Many Americans came during the gold rush Largely agricultural Port of San Francisco was important for trade with Asia Jarrett does not mention California at this point in the book. We thought it should be mentioned.

The South Slaves were used to grown cotton and other products The cotton gin extended slavery by making it profitable to grow cotton Because cotton was so profitable industry never developed The South was behind the North in the number of railroads, factories, and schools. Most people were small farmers A small number of wealthy planters controlled government and economy Slave Population

The Peculiar Institution: Southern Slavery Most Southerners owned no slaves Slaves lived in very primitive conditions with simple food Some slaves were skilled laborers Slaves could marry and have children 1808 slave trade became illegal so children became the way to get new slaves Slaves had no rights; could be beaten or sold away from their families Most slaves held on to their rich African heritage through music, religion, and folklore.

Free Blacks 1780 Pennsylvania abolished slavery, the 1st state to do so. In 1800 100,000 Free Blacks lived in the U.S. In 1810 3/4th of all African Americans in the North were free. By 1860 only 10% of all African Americans (500,000) were free. Free Blacks, mostly in North and West, still faced racial prejudice. Free Blacks faced continued discrimination as job competition increased. Compare the two graphs

Sectionalism Sectionalism: the idea that people felt more loyalty to the region they lived in than the United States as a whole.

Abolitionists and States' Rights

Abolition Abolitionist: one who believed slavery was morally wrong and wanted to end it. Abolitionists were often treated badly even in the North. 1833: Great Britain abolished slavery What words are used to describe the abolitionist in the poster?

Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison: published an abolitionist newspaper Fredrick Douglass: gave speeches in favor of abolition Harriet Tubman: active in the “Underground Railroad”, which helped fugitive slaves escape to Canada Fredrick Douglass Harriet Tubman

Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862 Student of Ralph Waldo Emerson Arrested for not paying his taxes. He did not pay his taxes in protest of a government that allowed slavery and had gone to war with Mexico to extend slavery. He wrote “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” in which he argued the moral necessity of resisting slavery. He believed that it was the duty of citizens to disobey unjust government policies. Thoreau said that more than just words were needed. Citizens must back up their words with actions through nonviolent acts of civil disobedience.

Transcendentalism Emerson and Thoreau believed that people had a inner sense to recognize moral truths. People can make own moral decisions without outside influence. Laws that offended peoples consciences should be resisted. This idea influenced future leaders such as Mohandas Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Thomas Cole’s “The Oxbow” is the quintessential Hudson River School painting showing how man can improve nature. Transcendentalist painters tried to show how man can better the wilderness.

The Underground Railroad Vast network of people who helped slaves escape to Canada. People allowed slaves to stay in their basements, barns, or cellars, called “stations”. “Conductors” led the slaves from station to station, usually at night. They used the natural resources such as swamps, bayous, forests, and waterways to stay hidden while traveling.

States’ Rights and the Defense of Slavery States’ Rights: idea that a state could ignore a federal law that unfairly hurt the state. Southerners felt that the Congress was creating laws to favor the North and West but that hurt the South. Southerners said that slavery was in the Bible and that slaves in the South were far better off than workers in the North. Southerners argued that slave owners looked after the slaves while factory owners could not care about the workers at all. John C. Calhoun in 1828 said the state had the right to nullify a federal law within its borders or secede from the Union if it wished.

Failure of Political Compromise

The Missouri Compromise: Prohibited Slavery in most of the Louisiana Territory above the Missouri Compromise Line. Set the pattern of adding a free state and slave state at same time. The Compromise of 1850: Argument over whether Mexican Cession states would be free or slave states. California came in as free state but Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law to appease the South Political Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Act: Allowed these states to decide to be free or slave states. Led to bloodshed between pro and anti slave groups. This law overturned the Missouri Compromise.

Decisions that Made an Impact Founding of the Republican Party: Founded in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. They agreed to allow slavery in the South but opposed the further expansion of the institution. Lincoln Douglas Debates: Douglas was the author of the Kansas Nebraska Act. Lincoln stated that slaves were people and protected under the rights of the Declaration of Independence. He said that no one could morally claim the right to enslave African Americans. He saw slavery as a stain on American society. Decisions that Made an Impact Dred Scott v. Sandford: Dred Scott had been taken by his owner into a free state and then back to a slave state. He claimed that since he had lived in a free state he could not be taken back to a slave state. The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property and had no rights to bring a lawsuit before the court. The court further stated that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that slavery could spread to these areas. John Brown’s Raid: In 1859 Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry. He wanted to steal guns and supplies to give to slaves to lead a rebellion against their masters.