Do Now (First 5 minutes): In your notebooks, name two political parties mentioned in yesterday’s notes. In your notebooks, write down which issue was the MOST DIVISIVE for reform in the 1800s. When finished with the above, finish any work that needs to be turned in from yesterday.

CHAPTER 2 The Young Republic

Section 4 Manifest Destiny and Crisis

Manifest Destiny: Pushing West Between 1830 and 1860 – More than 250,000 Americans move WEST to CALIFORNIA and the OREGON TERRITORY MANIFEST DESTINY – The idea that the nation was meant to spread from the ATLANTIC to the PACIFIC The U.S. and Great Britain agreed to share the OREGON TERRITORY while Mexico both OWNED and WELCOMED American foreign settlers 1851 – TREATY OF FORT LARAMIE defined land for the Native Americans

Texas and Oregon American settlers refuse to FOLLOW POLICIES for living in the MEXICAN REGION called TEXAS. STEPHEN AUSTIN and SAM HOUSTON (leaders of the settlers) unsuccessfully try to solve the issue peacefully Battles for Texas at the ALAMO, GOLIAD, and SAN JACINTO. Texas freedom gained from Mexico in 1836 1844 – JAMES K. POLK wins presidential election Polk added TEXAS and OREGON, WASHINGTON, and IDAHO to the country

War with Mexico Texas’ entry into the United States OUTRAGED MEXICO President Polk instructed General ZACHARY TAYLOR to provoke MEXICO into ATTACKING U.S. SOLDIERS American citizen rebellion secured CALIFORNIA from Mexico for the U.S., MEXICO CITY captured six months later 1848 – TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO – Mexico surrenders California, NEVADA, UTAH, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, COLORADO, and WYOMING for $15 million

Slavery and Western Expansion: The Impact of the War with Mexico DAVID WILMOT proposes idea that no land/territory gained from Mexico should have SLAVERY or INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE, this proposal was called the WILMOT PROVISIO Senator John Calhoun OPPOSES Wilmot Provisio, says new settlers should be able to bring their property, including ENSLAVED LABORERS Senator LEWIS CASS proposes the middle ground of POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY to let the citizens decide on the issue of slavery 1848 – ZACHARY TAYLOR wins presidential election for the Whig Party

Struggle for a Compromise JANUARY 1848 – Gold discovered in SACRAMENTO, California By DECEMBER 1849, 80,000 American citizens nation-wide moved to California for the GOLD RUSH, they were known as “FORTY-NINERS” Gold Rush leads California to want STATEHOOD as a FREE STATE Fear of imbalance of Free and Slave states led Henry Clay to propose a compromise that gave California STATEHOOD as a FREE STATE while also favoring Southern states’ SLAVERY RIGHTS 1850 – President MILLARD FILLMORE supports Clay’s compromise and the COMPROMISE OF 1850 is signed

The Fugitive Slave Act The Compromise of 1850 included the FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT which made it easy for Southerners to ACCUSE and “RECLAIM” slaves, Courts were INCENTIVIZED with money to favor the SOUTHERNERS Northerners became MORE ACTIVE abolitionists in response to the Fugitive Slave Act HARRIET TUBMAN and LEVI COFFIN – Both famous “Conductors” for the UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 1852 - HARRIET BEECHER STOWE wrote UNCLE TOM’S CABIN which depicted the horrors of slavery sold MILLIONS of copies and is considered a CAUSE of the Civil War

New Territorial Troubles With California and the Oregon Country, the nation wanted a TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD, North and South argue over where it should start: NEW ORLEANS or CHICAGO Senator STEPHEN DOUGLAS organized the creation of NEBRASKA and KANSAS to have the Transcontinental Railroad start in Chicago Nebraska added as a FREE STATE, Kansas torn apart by two governments and called “BLOODY KANSAS”

The Crisis Deepens: Changes in Political Parties 1854 – The KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT creates the states of Nebraska and Kansas but UPSETS THE BALANCE of the Missouri Compromise Northern Whigs and Democrats form new party called the REPUBLICAN PARTY The American Party (the Know-Nothings) used FEAR to make gains in Congress but fell apart because of the KANSAS- Nebraska Act JAMES BUCHANAN wins the presidential election of 1856

Sectional Divisions Grow 1857 – New Chief Justice ROGER TANEY rules against former slave DRED SCOTT and calls the Missouri Compromise UNCONSTITUTIONAL and ends it President Buchanan tells Kansas to apply for statehood to end the VIOLENCE and CONFLICT in the state 1857-1861 – Took FOUR YEARS for Congress and the two Kansas governments to agree and, in 1861, Kansas becomes a FREE STATE

John Brown’s Raid Passionate abolitionist JOHN BROWN kidnaps and murders FIVE PRO- SLAVERY SETTLERS in Kansas OCTOBER 1859 – John Brown and 18 followers take the FEDERAL ARSENAL in HARPERS FERRY, VIRGINIA Colonel ROBERT E. LEE and Marines stop John Brown and followers, John Brown sentenced to DEATH for his rebellion Northerners view Brown as a MARTYR, Southerners afraid of NOTHERNER VIOLENCE