SAT Question Artificial sweeteners are chemicals that offer the sweetness of sugar without as many calories. Artificial sweeteners are often used as part of a weight-control plan. People with diabetes may use artificial sweeteners because they make food taste sweet without raising blood sugar levels. Artificial sweeteners are the subject of debate; some think they cause health-related problems when used in excess. One artificial sweetener, aspartame, is not safe for people who have the rare hereditary disease phenylketonuria (PKU). Several positive attributes of artificial sweeteners are listed. If you were conducting experiments on the safety of artificial sweetener use, what would be an appropriate hypothesis? A) If an individual has diabetes, then he or she should be on a weight loss plan. B) People who have the rare hereditary disease phenylketonuria should avoid using sugar. C) If one uses an artificial sweetener, then he or she will have the hereditary disease phenylketonuria (PKU). D) If diabetics use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar they will avoid an increase in blood sugar levels.

Answer D is correct If diabetics use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar they will avoid an increase in blood sugar levels. Based on the information in the passage, this would be the most reasonable testable statement.

Vocab What do each of these stand for. At. ATC AAROM Abd AC

Evaluation-Ankle and Lower Leg

Anatomy Review-Bones Talus Tibia Fibula Tibia and Fibula are connected by a syndesmosis

Anatomy Review-Ligaments Anterior tibiofibular ligament Posterior tibiofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular ligament Deltoid Ligament Anterior tibiotalar ligament Posterior tibiotalar ligament Tibionavicular ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament

Anatomy Review-Muscles Muscles of the lower leg are divided into compartments Anterior Compartment Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Lateral Compartment Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Deep Posterior Compartment Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Superficial Posterior Compartment Gastrocnemius Soleus

Anatomy Review-Muscles

History Onset-acute, chronic Type of pain-how are symptoms affecting athletic participation or ADLs MOI Changes in activity or conditioning regimen Prev hx

Observation Weight bearing vs. non-weight bearing Edema Redness Deformity Discoloration Bilateral comparison Muscle tone

Palpation When palpating, check for deformity, alignment, edema, crepitus, and pain Bones Muscles Ligaments Tendons Pulses Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery

ROM Testing Measured with goniometer AROM, PROM, and RROM Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Inversion, and Eversion

Ligamentous Testing Anterior Drawer Test-anterior talofibular ligament Talar Tilt Test-Calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament Kleiger’s Test-Deltiod ligament, syndesmosis pathology

Neurological Testing Lower quarter screen (will learn once we get to the hip) Dermatomes Myotomes

Special Testing Bump Test Squeeze Test Thompson Test Anterior drawer test Talar tilt Kleigers

Ligamentous test Anterior Drawer Test-anterior talofibular ligament Talar Tilt Test-Calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament Kleiger’s Test-Deltiod ligament, syndesmosis pathology Special Test Bump Test Squeeze Test Thompson Test

Foot/Ankle Anatomy

Describe the common mechanism of injury for an acute ankle sprains Describe the common mechanism of injury for an acute ankle sprains. What structures are damaged? How can fx of the lower leg be ruled out? What exactly are shin splints and what measures can be taken to eliminate the problem?